In recent years,using stem cells to repair the bladder defect is a hot issue on the studies of bladder tissue engineering.They are ideal seed cells for bladder regeneration of tissue engineering depending on their self-renewal and multi-differentiation potential.In this paper,we give a review on the use of embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells as seed cells to repair the bladder defect by tissue engineering approach.

ObjectiveTo investigate the influence of selective soft tissue release on the tension around hip joint through posterolateral approach, and to ascertain the sequence of soft tissue release in total hip arthroplasty. MethodsFive fresh frozen cadavers with ten intact lower extremities were used in the study. All the pelves of cadavers were fixed on the operating table by a special designed fixer on a lateral position. Femoral supracondylar bone traction was employed for axial traction. The force for traction was 15 kg. Posterolateral approach was used for exposure and two sequences for soft tissue release were studied. One Kirschner wire was fixed at the bone near the anterior superior iliac spine, and the wire was perpendicu-lar to the operating table. Another Kirschner wire was fixed into the bone at lateral femoral shaft. The two Kirschner wires were parallel to each other. The distance between the two Kirschner wires was measured be-fore and after each soft tissue structure release. ResultsThere were no significant changes of the distance measured before and after applying traction alone, releasing external rotation muscles, opening the posterior capsule and releasing the gluteus maximus insertion. There were significant changes of distance measured before and after resection of femoral head, release of tensor fasciae latae and/or iliotibial band, excision of anterior capsule, and release of iliopsoas tendon had. The average lengthened distance was 1.5 mm (range, 1-3 mm) after resection of femoral head, and 8.0 mm (range, 2-19 mm) after release of tensor fasciae latae and/or iliotibial band, 5.5 mm (range, 1-13 mm) after excision of anterior capsule, and 1.8 mm (range, 1-3 mm) after release of iliopsoas tendon respectively. The distance lengthened after both release of tensor fasci-ae latae (and/or iliotibial band) and excision of anterior capsule was the most significant, average 13.5 mm (range, 11-20 mm). ConclusionRelease of anterior capsule, tensor fasciae latae and/or iliotibial band, and iliopsoas tendon will decrease the soft tissue tension around hip joint. Among all the soft tissue structures we investigated, the anterior capsule and tensor fasciae latae (iliotibial band) make the most effective result. To maintain the soft tissue tension around hip joint depends on different structures working together, releasing one structure alone may not obtain the optimal result. Careful evaluation of tension of tensor fasciae latae and iliotibial band can help avoiding the limb length discrepancy during hip arthroplasty surgery.

Objective To investigate the clinical effectiveness of procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids(PPH)in the treatment of outlet obstructive constipation caused by moderate and severe recto-cele. Methods A total of 48 patients with moderate or severe rectocele were treated with PPH. Patients were followed up for 4 ~ 6 months. The preoperative and postoperative parameters from rectoanal manome-try were compared and analyzed. Results After the surgery,patients had loose stool for 1 ~ 2 times a day. Sense of defecation obstruction in all patients was obviously improved. After the surgery,there were no significant changes in rectum resting pressure,anal resting pressure and various rectal sensitivity( P >0. 05). However,the decrease of inside rectal pressure and residual anal pressure were significantly re-duced(P < 0. 05). Conclusion The subjective defecation feeling of postoperative patients with PPH is unblock. Objective results of rectoanal manometry is clearly improved and the function of the rectum and anal canal is obviously restored.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between the degree of corticospinal tract (CST) injury and motor function prognosis in patients with cerebral infarction using magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)and diffusion tensor teactography (DTT)imaging. Methods Sixty-eight patients with cerebral infarction were selected prospectively. They underwent conventional MRI,DWI,and DTI examinations,and the DTT technique was used to perform CST 3D reconstruction. The white matter fractional anisotropy (FA)of the infarct zones and contralateral corresponding regions was measured within 7 days and at 3 months after onset. The Fugl-Meyer scale was used to perform motor function defect score. The CST involvement degrees were divided into four grades. The patients were divided into Group 1 (96-99,roughly return to normal;n=16),Group 2 (51-95,partial recovery;n=34),and Group 3 (<50,poor recovery;n=18)according to the Fugl-Meyer scale scores after treatment. The analysis of variance,Pearson,and Spearman correlation analysis were used to analyze the relationship between FA values,CST involvement degrees and motor function recovery. Results There were significant differences in the amplitude of variation of FA within 7 d (0. 05 ± 0. 06,0. 08 ± 0. 07,and 0. 18 ± 0. 02)and at 3 months after onset (0. 11 ± 0. 02,0. 21 ± 0. 06,and 0. 39 ± 0. 03)(within 7 d F=32. 821,at 3 months F=192. 372,all P<0. 05). DTT showed that the lesion sides of CST were presented as compression,deformation,displacement,and interruption. The CST grades were negatively correlated with the neurological functional rehabilitation of the patients within 7 d after onset (r= -0. 682,P <0. 01). The CST grades were negatively correlated with the neurological functional rehabilitation of the patients at 3 months (r= -0. 728,P<0. 01). Conclusion The decreased FA values in infarct areas and the degrees of CST involvement were associated with the motor function prognosis. MR DTT can directly display the degrees of CST involvement of cerebral infarction. It can provide an important basis for early identifying the prognosis of cerebral infarction.

Objective To observe the protective and antioxidative effect of Xinjihuoliyin on the myocardium injury induced by adriamycin (ADM) in rats. Methods 80 SD rats were randomly divided into four groups:normal group, control group, Xinjihuoliyin group and positive control group (Huangqishengmaiyin group). In control group, Xinjihuoliyin group and Huangqishengmaiyin group, ADM was intraperitonial injected at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg, three times every week, for 4 weeks, while normal saline was intraperitonial injected at a dose of 3 mL/kg in normal group. In Xinjihuoliyin group, Xinjihuoliyin was intragastric administrated once a day at a dose of 10 g/kg. In Huangqishengmaiyin group, Huangqishengmaiyin was intragastric administrated once a day at a dose of 7 mL/kg and distilled water was given to other two groups. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) of serum and myocardium were assayed. The myocardial pathomorphism was detected at the same time. Results Compared with the control group, MDA of serum and myocardium was lower, and SOD of serum and myocardium was higher in Xinjihuoliyin and Huangqishengmaiyin group. The scale of myocardial pathological damage in Xinjihuoliyin and Huangqishengmaiyin group was improved. Conclusion Xinjihuoliyin has protective effect and antioxidative effect on the myocardium injury induced by adriamycin in rats.

Objective To investigate the effect of dihydromyricetin on proliferation and apoptosis of breast cancer MCF-7 cells.Methods From March 2014 to February 2015,breast cancer MCF-7 cells were treated with 99% pure DMY as an inhibitor.MTT assay,flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry were used to analyze the proliferation,apoptosis and protein expression of breast cancer cell MCF-7.Results When the DMY concentration was higher than 20 μg/mL,the inhibitory effect appeared,but not good.When 40 and 80 μg/mL DMY were used,the proliferation of MCF-6 cells were significantly inhibited,and have different degrees of sensitivity to it.When DMY was 80 μg/mL,the IC50 was 226.9 μg/mL.The inhibition rate and IC50 were compared with 0 μg/mL DMY,there was significant difference(P<0.05).Indicating that the relatively high concentration of DMY could significantly improve the patient′s condition of breast cancer;MCF-6 cells treated with 40 and 80 μg/mL DMY could induce G2/M phase arrest in DMY with concentration greater than 20 μg/mL(P<0.01),and showed significant cell apoptosis death phenomenon.At the same time,G0/G1 phase was also blocked and S phase cells decreased significantly,the difference was significant(P<0.05).The positive rate of PCNA in breast cancer MCF-6 cells significantly decreased(P<0.01) when the DMY concentration was higher than 50 μg/mL,the positive rate was> 50%,especially in DMY with 80 μg/mL,the positive rate was 10.00%.Compared with 0 μg/mL DMY,the difference was significant(P<0.05).Conclusion The use of dihydromyricetin in breast cancer patients can effectively inhibit the rapid increase of cancer cells,accelerate apoptosis,slow down the patient′s condition,the effect is outstanding.

Objective To investigate the effects of Arctigenin ( ATG ) on concanavalin ( ConA )-stimulated cell proliferation and cytokine secretion in mouse spleen cells, and its possible mechanism. Methods The toxicity of ATG on mouse spleen cells was determined by MTT assay. The inhibition of proliferation was investigated by tritiat-ed thymidine incorporation method. Secreted cytokines (IFN-γand IL-2) were analyzed by ELISA. The associated proteins and phosphorylation levels of mTOR pathway ( mTOR/P70 S6 K/Akt/AMPK/Raptor ) were detected by Western blot. Results ATG had no significant toxicity to mouse spleen cells. ATG significantly inhibited mouse primary spleen cells proliferation induced by ConA. ATG suppressed IL-2 and IFN-γ production of mouse spleen cells in a concentration-dependent manner. ATG remarkably suppressed the phosphorylation of mTOR and P70S6K, and enhanced the phosphorylation of upstream AMPK and Raptor, while the phosphorylation of Akt did not change significantly. Conclusion ATG markedly suppresses the proliferation of mouse spleen stimulated by ConA cells and secretion of IFN-γand IL-2 , which may be correlated to the abilities of enhancing the phosphoryla-tion of AMPK and Raptor, inhibiting the phosphorylation of mTOR and P70S6K.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the preterm infants after premature rupture of the membranes(PROM)brain injury and some cellular factors in the umbilical cord blood and amniotic fluid,and ana-lyze the biological markers with great predictive value,and provide a theoretical basis for early monitoring of brain injury in premature infants. Methods One hundred and thirty - nine singleton infants with PROM,their gestation less than 34 weeks,were evaluated. The umbilical cord blood and amniotic fluid of cytokines,including interleukin - 1β(IL - 1β),IL - 4,IL - 6,IL - 8,IL - 10,IL - 17A,tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF - α),granulocyte colony - stimu-lating factor(G - CSF),monocyte chemotactic protein - 1(MCP - 1),S100B protein and soluble intercellular adhe-sion molecule - 1(sICAM - 1)levels were measured with Luminex liquid chip. All the premature infants underwent brain imaging for the diagnosis of brain damage. All cases were divided into brain injury group and non - brain injury group based on brain imaging examination. Results The concentration of IL - 10 in cord blood was significantly lower in the brain injury group than that in the non - brain injury group,and the difference was statistically significant(P ﹤0. 05). The levels of IL - 1β,IL - 6,IL - 8,TNF - α,G - CSF,MCP - 1,S100B and sICAM - 1 in the brain injury group were significantly higher than those of non - brain injury group,and the differences were statistically significant (all P ﹤ 0. 05). The levels of IL - 1β,IL - 6,IL - 8,TNF - α,G - CSF,MCP - 1 and sICAM - 1 in the amniotic fluid were significantly higher than those of non - brain injury group,and the differences were statistically significant(all P ﹤ 0. 05),but amniotic fluid S100B protein level was similar between 2 groups,which had no statistical significance (P ﹥ 0. 05). To predict the value of brain damage in premature infants,the highest sensitivity in cord blood was S100B protein,the highest specificity was IL - 6. The highest sensitivity in amniotic fluid was IL - 1β,and the highest specificity was IL - 8. The levels of IL - 4 and IL - 17A in the umbilical cord blood and amniotic fluid,IL - 10 in amniotic fluid were very low,and had no predictive value for brain damage. Conclusions Many biological markers in umbilical cord blood and amniotic fluid provide information about the risk of brain injury in premature infants. The highest sensitivity in cord blood was S100B protein,the highest specificity was IL - 6. The highest sensitivity in amniotic fluid was IL - 1β,the highest specificity was IL - 8. Changes in inflammation - related biomarkers suggest that brain damage in the preterm infants might be associated with intrauterine inflammation.

Objective To study changes of trigemino-cervical reflex (TCR) in patients with Kennedy's disease (KD). Methods The parameters of TCR were analyzed among patients with KD, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and healthy controls. Results The parameters of ipsilateral P19, N31, A and contralateral P19, N31, A among patients with KD were (23.91±4.84), (35.45±4.76) ms, 1.24± 0.33 and (24.34±4.82), (36.20±4.91) ms, 1.19±0.25, respectively. Compared with the healthy controls((18.37±2.16), (28.50±1.56) ms, 1.90±0.43; (18. 72±2. 18), (29. 19±1.43) ms, 1.84 ± 0. 40), the difference in each parameter was significant (ipsilateral : t = 5.77, 8. 19, -6. 64; contralateral:5.05, 7.62, -7.77, all P<0.01). Conclusion The parameters of TCR were abnormal in KD patients, indicating that the trigeminal nerves and the bulbar may be involved in the disease.

Objective To explore the changes of serum cortisol and its influence on prognosis in children with traumatic brain injury( TBI) . Methods A total of 52 children suffering from TBI hospitalized in SICU of Nanjing Children′s Hospital from June 2014 to December 2015 were analyzed. According to the glasgow coma scale(GCS),they were divided into three groups:mild injury group(19 cases,GCS≥13), moderate injury group(16 cases,8