Hedging is an important component of vague language. This paper retrieves high frequency expressions of hedgingby using medical English corpus. Pragmatic functions of hedging are analyzed, which can be summarized as politeness principle, authors' self-protection, avoidance of the absolute, pursuit of objectiveness as well as conversational implication. To medical researchers, it is necessary to cultivate the awareness of hedging and learn how to adopt it in their research papers.

Objective:To explore the clinical application of permanent needle of deep venipuncture in early management of extensive burn.Methods:88 patients with extensively burn are analyzed.Results:The success rate of venipuncture was 96%.The effect was satisfactory,while the complication was less.Conclusion:The permanent needle of deep venipuncture shows an important role in early management of extensive burn.

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare type of extranodal lymphoma, and its incidence rate is increasing nowadays. Chemotherapy is the main means for treatment of PCNSL and the efficacy of high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) has been confirmed among those chemotherapeutics. Treatments of HD-MTX combined with other drugs have been studied extensively. Progress of HD-MTX and other drugs for PCNSL are reviewed in this article.

ObjectiveTo investigate the risk factors,prevention measures and treatment methods of the pulmonary fibrosis patients with nosocomial pulmonary fungal infection. Methods50 pulmonary fibrosis patients with nosocomial pulmonary fungal infection were chosen as the observation group. In the same time,50 pulmonary fibrosis patients without nosocomial pulmonary fungal infection were chosen as the control group. The following factors were compared: hospital stay, corticosteroid use, antibiotic use, invasive procedures, a merger of the underlying disease.ResultsThere were 46％ (23/50) patients had long-term use of antibiotics in the observation group, much more than the control group(26％ ,13/50) ,the difference was statistically significant( P ＜0.05) ;More than half of patients in both groups using glucocorticoids, the ratio in the observation group was 84％ (42/50), which was significantly higher than the control group( P ＜ 0.05) ; In the observation group, the rates of patients with long time hospitalization ( ≥30 days), received invasive procedures, and associated with underlying diseases were much higher than the control group( all P ＜ 0.05). ConclusionMultiple risk factors could lead to the occurrence of pulmonary fibrosis patients with nosocomial pulmonary fungal infection,and the positive and effective preventions and standard treatment should be taken.

Objective To evaluate the effects of propofol on TREM-1 expression in THP-1 cells stimulated by lipo-polysaccharide (LPS). Methods Cells were divided into 7 groups: (1) control group; (2) LPS group that was exposed to LPS in final concentration of 100μg/L;(3) Progroup that was incubated with 100μmol/L propofol;(4-7) groups combined 100μg/L LPS with propofol at different dose of 12.5μmol/L (P1 group), 25μmol/L (P2 group), 50μmol/L (P3 group), 100μmol/L (P4 group) respectively. After 16 hours of incubation, the TNF-α concentration in supernatants were measured by ELISA. TREM-1 expression were examined by FACS and TREM-1 mRNA were detected using qRT-PCR. Results TREM-1 on THP-1 increased significantly in group P3 and group P4 compared with LPS group (P<0.05). The concentra-tions of TNF-αin P3 and P4 (P<0.05) decreased substantially in supernatant compared with LPS group. TREM-1 mRNA transcription level in group LPS rise considerably (P < 0.05) compared to that in control group, and it dropped greatly in group P4 (P <0.05) compared with that in group LPS. Conclusion Propofol could enhance TREM-1 expression on sur-face of THP-1 stimulated by LPS. Propofol reduces TNF-αlevel in culture supernatant. And propofol may restrain TREM-1 mRNA expression.

Background A stable diabetic cataract animal model is a premise for screening and evaluating the drug for cataract therapy.Galactose cataract model is widely used in relevant experimental study,but the onset,extent and the type of lens opacification may be different due to different modeling way.Objective This study was to investigate the manifestations and pathological characteristics of cataract induced by D-galactose.Methods Fifty-six SPF SD rats were randomly divided into cataract-model group and control group and 28 rats for each group.50% D-galactose feed was given daily in model group,and regular feed was given in control group.Lenses of rats were examined under the slit lamp through the 30-day period at a 2-day interval,and then the opacity of lenses was graded on the modified Suryanarayana criteria.The body weight of rats was recorded and compared between two groups at day 5,10,15,20,25 and 30.The lenses samples were obtained for the histopathological examination by hemotoxylin and eosin staining.The wet weight,dry weight of the lenes and their ratio were detected and compared between these two groups.The use of animals followed the Regulation for the Administration of Affair Concerning Experimental Animals by State Science and Technology Commission.Results The body weight was reduced in model rats compared with control rats with the statistically significant difference from 10 days through 30 days(P＜0.05).The different grades of opacification of lens cortical and nuclear progressed in model rats throughout the experiment duration,but the lenses were clear in control rats.The slit-lamp microscopy and pathological examinations revealed that lenses opacity in model rats started from the cortex at the equator zone and developed towards central zone gradually with the lapse of experimental time.Following the entire opacity of lens cortex,lens nucleus were cloudy and expanded.The swelling and degeneration of the fiber cells in lens cortex,the differentiation,migration and denuclearation delay of lens epithelial cells were seen in model rats under the light microscope.The wet weight of lenses was increased and the dry weight was decreased in model rats in comparison with control rats in experimental 30 days,showing significant difference between two groups(t=138.571,t=52.468,P＜0.05).Conclusion The development of galactose-induced cataract animal model resemble one of age-related cortical cataract in human with the similar generating mechanism.This cataract model is reproducible and classifiable.

Objective To investigate the role of depression and C-reaction protein (CRP)in the early development of vascular disease in the elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods Totally 396 patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited in the study,including 196 cases with depression and 200 cases without depression.Depression was evaluated by Hamilton depression scale (HAMD),and CRP was measured using rate nephelometry.The related parameters of wave intensity (WI) such as accelerating wave intensity (W1),decelerating wave intensity (W2),arterial stiffness β,pressure-strain elasticity modulus (Ep),arterial compliance (AC),pulse wave velocity -wave intensity(PWVWI),pulse wave velocity (PWV) and argumentation index (AI) were detected and compared between the groups. Results The levels of CRP [(8.1±2.8)mg/L vs. (3.9±3.2) mg/L,t=6.411,P=0.000],W2 [(4.82±1.33) mm Hg· m-1 · s-3 vs.(2.27±1.28)mm Hg · m-1 · s-3,t=4.256,P=0.021],arterial stiffness β(12.58±3.23 vs.8.96±2.24,t=4.634,P=0.019),Ep (157.90±52.64 vs.118.24±53.08,t=5.512,P=0.007),PWVβ(7.53± 1.41 vs.6.68±1.56,t=3.982,P=0.024),AI(19.26± 13.21 vs.15.34±10.23,t=3.213,P=0.037)and PWV-WI (7.59±1.67vs.6.63± 1.45,t =2.613,P =0.046) in cases with depression were higher than the cases without depression,while the AC value was reduced (0.70±0.19 vs.0.78±0.21,t=4.676,P =0.017).There was no difference in W1 value between the groups.The CRP level and HAMD score were positively associated with W2 (r=0.470,P=0.000),stiffness β (r=0.582,P=0.000),Ep (r=0.352,P=0.004),PWV-WI (r=0.233,P=0.019),PWVβ (r=0.340,P=0.007) and AI (r=0.265,P=0.015),but negatively related with AC(r=-0.457,P=0.000).HAMD score was positively correlated with CRP level(r=0.328,P=0.003). Conclusions The carotid artery wave intensity W2,blood vessel elasticity parameter β,Ep,AC,PWV-WI,PWVβ and AI determination can evaluate the risk of cardiovascular diseases in elderly diabetes,and higher CRP level and HAMD score may deteriorate its process.

Evidence-informed military health decision-making is an important way to upgrade the commanding of military health service in multiple military actions; it is also a methodology to ensure systematic, scientific, and continuous strategic military health service. This article, based on the definition of evidence informed military health policy-making, analyzes the major ways of evidence-informed decision-making home and abroad, introduces the current situation of evidence-informed health policy-making of PLA, and makes a perspective analysis about the development of evidence-informed decision-making in military health service.

Based on the theoretical difficulties and application of rapid decision-making in mechanism of optimal disposition of military health service forces, we established the logic model of optimal disposition factors of military health service forces and optimal decision-making using literature reviewing, expert consulting, and systemic analysis; we also established the optimal disposition model of military health service forces using linear programming, autoregressive integrated moving average and back propagation neural network model, and system dynamics, which reveals the intrinsic characteristics and laws of the optimal disposition of military health service forces. We prepared the supporting system and operational box for optimal disposition of the military health forces using the geographic information system, database system, software engineering, and decision support systems, which provide not only a theoretic model for optimal disposition of military health service forces, information software, and equipment tool, and also theoretical evidence for the rapid decision-making in military health resource planning for diversified military actions. Our study has expanded the research area of evidence-informed decision-making in military health forces.

Objective To investigate the role of autophagy in radiation-induced death process of human esophageal squamous carcinoma Eca-109 cells.Methods Esophageal carcinoma cell line Eca-109 was divided into 6 groups of control,5 mmol/L 3-Methyladenine treatment,10 mmol/L treatment,6 Gy irradiation,irradiation + 5 mmol/L drug,and irradiation + 10 mmol/L drug.Some cells were transferred with GFP-LC3 plasmid and the changes of autophagosome were obserred.After each treatment,the expression of autophagy marker LC3B was measured by Western Blot,cell viability was detected by MTT,morphological characteristics of apoptosis cells were stained with a fluorescein of Hoechst 33342 and the percentage of apoptotic cells and cell cycle distribution were measured by flow cytometry.Clonogenic survival were used to evaluate the cell radiosensitivity.Results Autophagy level was increased after radiation,and the LC3B Ⅱ expression and LC3B Ⅱ/LC3B Ⅰ ratio were significantly decreased by autophagy inhibitor 3-Methyladenine (F =25.64,P ＜ 0.05).The number of autophagosome fluorescent foci were significantly increased in the GFP-LC3 transfected cells after radiation,but reduced by 3-Methyladenine (F =127.36,P ＜ 0.05).Compared with radiation alone group,autophagy inhibition combined with radiation significantly decreased cell viability (F =129.54,P ＜ 0.05) and colony formation,increased apoptosis and the percentage of G2/M-phase cells.Conclusions 3-Methyladenine enhances the radiosensitivity of esophageal squamous carcinoma Eca-109 cells,suggesting that inhibition of autophagy could be used as an adjuvant treatment of radiotherapy in esophageal squamous carcinoma.