Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Child ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; genetics ; Humans ; Macrolides ; pharmacology ; Pediatrics ; Streptococcus pyogenes ; drug effects

Objective To identify the conflict management strategies of staff nurses in Macau. Methods The Thomas -Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument (TKI)was employed in the study to investigate the conflict management strategies of a convenience sample of 140 staff nurses who were pursuing a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (Supplementary) Programme in Macau. Results The most commonly used strategy by staff nurses in Macau for conflict management was accommodation, followed by avoidance, then compromise. In contrast, the least often used strategy was competition. Conclusions Chinese culture as well as nursing education background should be fully considered when developing the training plan of conflict man -agement strategies for staff nurses in Macau.

Objective: To establish a HPLC method for the determination of synephrine in Dachengqi Granules (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis, Natrii Sulfas). Methods: A E. Merck LiChrospher 100RP 18 column was /used. The mobile phase was methanol water (contained 0.18% H 3PO 4 and 0.22% C 12 H 25 SO 4Na) (55∶45). The detection wavelength was at 274nm.Results: The linear range of synephrine was 0.14?g～1.54?g, r =0.9998. The average recovery was 98.1%, RSD =2.1% ( n =5).Conclusion: The result is accurate and the reproducibility is good. This method can be used for the determination of synephrine in Dachengqi Granules.

Prostasomes are one of the subcellular structures secreted by prostatic epithelial cells.They present in human semen as membranous vesicles with average diameter of 150nm(40-500nm).440 proteins have been identified in human prostasomes and possess many physical functions.Prostasomes may not only exert a motility function for spermatozoa by delaying the acrosome reaction,but also have immune regulatory function,antibacterial and antioxidant characteristics.Prostasomes can be isolated from the serum and urine,and they present both in normal and prostatic cancer tissues.Prostasome can be a special prostatic biomarker and has a close association with prostatitis and prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To optimizate the preparation process of Yuganning patch. METHODS: The preparation process of Yuganning patch was optimzied by orthogonal experiment with content of ointment, setting time, drying temperature and drying time as factors and the initial strength, peeling strength and degumming phenomenon as indexes. RESULTS: The optimum preparaition conditions were as follows: the content of ointment was (7.6?0.1) g?100 cm-2; the setting time was 24 h; the drying temperature was 60 ℃ and drying time was 3.5 h. And this optimized process met quality control method. CONCLUSION: The optimized preparation process is feasible and the quality of the Yuganning patch is stable.

Objective:To explore the future development of pharmacists. Methods:The combination of on-site and mailed ques-tionnaire was adopted to investigate the present work situation of pharmacists in hospitals at different levels in 15 provinces and munici-palities of east China. Based on the statistical analysis of data, some problems in the present work of pharmacists were investigated. Results:The data showed that there was a wide gap of human resource among the hospitals at different levels, and the working condi-tion improvement for pharmacists should be performed. Continuing education and legislation were not standardized and unified yet, and the clinical pharmacy and the rational drug use needed further development. Conclusion:The relevant laws and regulations should be established and improved to guarantee the lawful right and interests of pharmacists. The pharmacist training system should be improved to raise the professional quality of pharmacists and promote the development of hospital pharmacy.

At present the concept of clinical thinking is reviewed at the narrow senses and there are many limitations.So it is very necessary to understand the concept of clinical thinking at the broad senses.

Objective To compare the effectiveness of propafenone,(intravenous and oral) and lanatoside C in reversing atrial fibrillation (AF) and their safety in non-rheumatic patients.Methods Ninety-seven recent onset(≥0 5h～41days) AF patients were included. Subjects with valvular heart disease, heart failure (NYHA heart function≥Ⅲ degree),myocardial infarction, sick sinus syndrome, atrioventricular block(≥Ⅱ degree), preexcitation syndrome and hyperthyroidism were excluded. Three groups were subdivided according to the results:⑴ The group of intravenous propafenone(groupⅠ):thirty-three patients were given intravenous injection propafenone 70 mg within 7 minutes, the non-converted patients were given another 140 mg (0 5～1mg/min) intravenous infusion. ⑵The group of oral loading dose propafenone: Thirty-two patients were given propafenone 450 mg orally(groupⅡ).⑶The group of intravenous lanatoside C(groupⅢ):Thirty-two patients were given intravenous lanatoside C 0 4 mg within five minutes and another 0 2 mg must be added to if AF was not reversed in 4 hours. EKG, blood pressure, symptoms, AF reversing and ventricular rate were closely observed under heart monitoring all patients. The time from intravenous injection or receiving the drug to reversing the AF to sinus rhythm was recorded. Observing the reversal rate and time of the three groups of patients for 30 minutes,1h, 2h, 4h, 8h respectively, we could get the results as follows.Results Average reversal time is: group Ⅰ (0 8?0 4)h, group Ⅱ(4 1?1 8)h. group Ⅲ(3 7?2 0)h, There was a prominent difference (P0 05).Conclusion Of the above three methods in reversing AF, the average reversal time of intravenous propafenone is the shortest, and the have the most efficient reversal rate.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective mechanism of red ginseng extract(RG) on aging mice induced by D-galactose and the correlation between tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPX2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). METHODS: Aging mice models were caused by D-galactose and randomly divided into control group, model group, RG low, medium and high dose (100, 200, 400 mg•kg-1) groups. The preparation of model and drug delivery, after 42 d, the mice were killed and determination of spleen index; the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum and brain tissue were measured. In serum, the levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), inducible nitric oxide synthase (i-NOS) were measured. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to test the levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in brain tissue. Real time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the correlation of TNF-α, GPX1, GPX2, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 gene mRNA expression in brain tissue. RESULTS: The RG can enhance the spleen index, increase the activity of SOD in serum and brain tissue and AChE, CAT and GSH-PX in serum, decrease the content of MDA in serum and brain tissue, and decrease the content of iNOS in serum and the content of COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in brain tissue. At the same time, it significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in the brain tissue of mice, and increased the expression of GPX1, GPX2 and IL-10 mRNA in the brain tissue, and had statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Concentrated solution of red ginseng extract could significantly exhibit anti-aging effects, its mechanism may be related to the TNF-α, GPX1, GPX2, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 expression in aging, enhancing immune function, and removing free radicals and inflammatory factor.

OBJECTIVE: To establish an HPLC method for determining four kinds of rare saponins, ie, 20(S)-Rg3, 20(R)-Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5 in black ginseng. METHODS: COSMOSIL C18-PAQ (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) column was used and temperature was maintained at 30℃. Gradient elution was conducted using mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min-1. The detection wavelength was set at 203 nm. The injected sample volume was 10 μL. RESULTS: Good resolution was achieved for the four rare saponins in the ranges of 0.051-0.256 (r=0.999 9), 0.009-0.280(r=0.999 7), 0.051-0.303(r=0.999 9) and 0.093-0.279 mg·mL-1(r=0.999 9) for 20(S)-Rg3, 20(R)-Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5, respectively. The corresponding average recovery rates were 103.9%, 99.2%, 97.0%, and 100.6%, and the standard deviations were 0.71%, 0.73%, 1.97%, and 0.57%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The method is accurate, simple, reliable and reproducible for the determination of saponins in black ginseng. The determination result can be used as a reference for the rational medication, quality control, and further study of black ginseng.