Child ; Diarrhea ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Humans

Hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) refers to exposure of organisms, systems, organs, tissues or cells to moderate hypoxia/ischemia that is able to result in a resistance to subsequent severe hypoxia/ischemia in tissues and cells. The effects exerted by HPC are well documented. The original local in situ (LiHPC) is now broadened to remote ectopic organs-tissues (ReHPC) and extended crossly to cross pluripotential HPC(CpHPC) induced by a variety of stresses other than hypoxia/ischemia, including cancer, for example. We developed a unique animal model of repetitive autohypoxia in adult mice, and studied systematically on the effects and mechanisms of HPC on the model in our laboratory since the early 1960s. The tolerances to hypoxia and protection from injury increased significantly in this model. The adult mice behave like hypoxia-intolerant mammalian newborns and hypoxia-tolerant adult animals during their exposure to repetitive autohypoxia. The overall energy supply and demand decreased, the microorganization of the brain maintained and the spacial learning and memory ability improved but not impaired, the detrimental neurochemicals such as free radicals down-regulated and the beneficial neurochemicals such as adenosine(ADO) and antihypoxic gene(s)/factor(s) (AHGs/AHFs) up-regulated. Accordingly, we hypothesize that mechanisms for the tolerance/protective effects of HPC are fundamentally depending on energy saving and brain plasticity in particular. It is thought that these two major mechanisms are triggered by exposure to hypoxia/ischemia via oxygen sensing-transduction pathways and HIF-1 initiation cascades. We suggest that HPC is an intrinsic mechanism developed in biological evolution and is a novel potential strategy for fighting against hypoxia-ischemia and other stresses. Motivation of endogenous antihypoxic potential, activation of oxygen sensing--signal transduction systems and supplement of exogenous antihypoxic substances as well as development of HPC appliances and HPC medicines such as AHFs are encouraged based on our basic research on HPC. HPC may result in therapeutic augmentation of the endogenous cytoprotection in hypoxic-ischemic or suffering from other diseases' patients. Evolutionary consideration of HPC and clinical implications of HPC are both discussed to guide future research. The product of AHF is expected to be one of the most effective first aid medicines to rescue patients in critical condition. HPC is beginning to be used in surgery and is expected to be developed into a feasible adaptive medicine in the near future.
Animals ; Brain ; physiology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Hypoxia, Brain ; physiopathology ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 ; Ischemic Preconditioning ; Mice ; Signal Transduction

Objective To study the chemical constituents in the seeds of Euphorbia lathyris.MethodsCompounds were isolated by methods of column chromatography(silica gel,including reversed phase),Sephadex,and recrystallization.On the basis of spectroscopic methods including IR,MS,NMR,and X-ray,structures of compounds were confirmed.Results Twenty-two multi-type compounds were isolated from ethanol extract in the seeds of E.lathyris.Their structures were identified as 5,15-O-diacetyl-3-O-phenyl-6(17)-epoxylathyrol(1),5,15-O-diacetyl-3,7-O-dibenzoyl-7-hydroxylathyrol(2),5,15-O-diacetyl-3-O-benzoyl-lathyrol(3),20-O-hexadecanoyl-ingenol(4),3-O-hexadecanoyl-ingenol(5),15,17-O-diacetyl-3-O-cinnamoyl-17-hydroxyjolkinol(6),5,15,17-O-triacetyl-3-O-benzoyl-17-hydroxyisolathyrol(7),5,15-O-diacetyl-3-O-nicotinoyl-lathyrol(8),5,15-O-diacetyl-3-O-benzoyl-7-O-nicotinoyl-7-hydroxy-lathyrol(9),ingenol(10),lathyrol(11),esculetin(12),?-sitosterol(13),benzene-1,2,3-triol(14),palmiticacid(15),2,3-dihydroxypropyl icosanoate(16), 2,3-dihydroxypropyl oleate(17),2,3,4-trihydroxybutyl hexadec-3-enoate(18),aurantianide acetate(19),benzoic acid(20),p-hydroxybenzoic acid(21),oleic acid(22).Conclusion Among these,compounds 10,11,1419 are obtained from this plant for the first time and compounds 1-3 are the main diterpenes.

Objective To investigate the CT and MRI features of the autoimmune pancreatitis (ALP).Methods CT and MRI data of fourteen patients with AIP who were confirmed by histology and/or steroid therapy were retrospectively analyzed.Ten patients underwent CT examination, and seven patients underwent MRI, while three patients underwent both CT and MRI examinations.Results It was showed that diffuse (n =11 ) or local ( n = 3 ) enlargement of pancreas.CT features showed that the hypoattenuation pancreatic lesions on unenhanced CT (n = 10);segmental pancreatic duct could be seen in five patients;stenosis of common bile duct in the head of pancreas was observed in 5 patients;the capsule-like structure around lesions was seen in seven patients.Delayed homogeneous enhancement was showed on enhanced CT.MRI features included homogeneous ( n = 3) and heterogeneous ( n = 4) hyperintense on T1 WI with fat-suppression images and homogeneous ( n = 3 )and heterogeneous (n =4) hyperintense on T2WI with fat-suppression images.Pancreatic duct could be seen in four patients.MRCP showed pancreatic duct stenosis in the head of pancreas ( n = 1 ) and segmental pancreatic duct (n = 2).Stenosis of common bile duct in the head of pancreas was showed in 5 cases.The capsule-like structure around lesions was showed in seven patients.No pancreatic calcification was revealed, and no significant pancreatic duct dilation was detected ( ＞3 mm) in all 14 patients.Conclusions The CT and MRI manifestations of AIP had characteristic features such as sausage-like changes of the pancreas, capsule-like structure around the lesions, diffuse or local pancreatic duct stricture, and stenosis of common bile duct in the bead of pancreas.

Objective To explore the mechanisms of ischemia-reperfasion(I/R)injury of the bile duet and the effect of Atomolan on Isehemia-reperfusion injury of the bile duct in liver transplantation.Methods Pathological changes of the bile duct cells in three groups of rat liver transplantation model were observed through light microscope.And the effective protection of Atomolan against ischemia-repeffusion injury was observed.Results In ischemia-reperfusion group,the injury of bile duct cells were more serious,the level of ALT,AST and γ-glutamyhransferase elevated higher,oxygen free radical generated more,and the apoptosis of bile duct ceils appeared more,compared with Atomolan pretreatment.Conclusion The injury in bile duct cells is more serious than that in hepatoeyte in I/R injury.Atomolan can provide effective protection against liver Ischemia-reperfusion injury.The mechanisms may be through depress the production of oxygen free radical and decrease the apoptosis of bile duct cells.

Adolescent ; Antibodies, Antinuclear ; blood ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Sjogren's Syndrome ; diagnosis ; immunology ; therapy

Dyspnea ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Inhalation

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of phakic posterior chamber intraocular lens (ICL) implantation for high myopia. Methods Twenty-four eyes of 12 patients with high myopia were treated with ICL implantation. The best corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure and lens changes shape between post-operative and pre-operative were compared. Results Successful implantations were done in all patients. All eyes had a significant increase in uncorrected visual acuity. Exactly improved visual function in patients with high myopia status. The intraocular pressure was ( 14.26 ± 2.13) mm Hg(1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa) of pre-operative , and was ( 14.79 ± 2.77) mm Hg at 1 year after post-operative, the intraocular pressure was stability after the operation. UBM showed that there was a certain gap between ICL and the lens. During the follow-up period,no complications such as cataract,chronic uveal infusion were found. Conclusion Phakic posterior chamber ICL implantation is effective,safe and reliable method for the correction of high myopia.

Objective To explore related influencing factors for postoperative delirium in elderly patients, to provide a reference for the prevention and treatment. Methods Fifty-four patients with delirium after surgery were used as observa?tion group, and a total of 150 subjects with no delirium after surgery during the same period were selected as the control group. Data of age, gender, malnutrition, disorders of water and electrolyte metabolism, postoperative mechanical ventilation, postoperative hypoxemia, severe infection and postoperative pain degree, and the combination of basic diseases were com?pared and analysed between two groups. The binary logistic regression analysis was used to analyse the influencing factors of postoperative delirium. The outcome and prognosis were observed and analyzed in observation group. Results The average age was significantly higher in observation group than that of control group (P<0.05). The percentages of postoperative hy?poxemia and severe infection were significantly higher in observation group than those of control group ( P<0.05). Patients with higher age, postoperative hypoxemia and severe infection were risk factors for postoperative delirium. In observation group,1 case died of lung infection, 1 case died of multiple organ failure, the remaining 52 patients were improved and dis?charged from hospital after three months. Conclusion For patients with higher age, postoperative hypoxemia and severe in?fection are the risk factors for occurrence of postoperative delirium. More attention should be paid to clinical preoperative and postoperative periods.

Objective To observe the serum lipid level of patients with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO).Methods A total of 71 BRVO patients (BRVO group) were enrolled in this study.The patients included 31 males and 40 females,with an average age of (52.75 ± 10.2) years.All the patients were examined for visual acuity,slit lamp ophthalmoscopy combine with preset lens,fundus color photography and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) examination.Seventy-two age-and sex-matched normal subjects were enrolled in this study as control group.The subjects included 32 males and 40 females,with an average age of (53.10±9.5) years.The BRVO and control group were divided into four subgroup which including age with ＜40 years,40-49 years,50-59 years and ≥60 years.The plasma cholesterol and triglyceride level of BRVO group,control group,and age subgroups of BRVO and control group were comparatively analyzed.Results The average plasma cholesterol levels were (4.529±0.100) and (4.274±0.106) mmol/L in BRVO and control group,respectively.There was no difference between two groups (t=-1.738,P＞0.05).The average triglyceride levels were (1.500±0.129) and (1.319±0.095) mmol/L in BRVO and control group,respectively.There was no difference between two groups (t=-1.135,P＞0.05).There was no difference of average plasma cholesterol (t=-1.755,1.850,-1.892,-0.507) and triglyceride (t=0.846,-0.074,-1.288,-1.887) level in age subgroups of BRVO and control subgroup (P＞0.05).Conclusion There is no significant difference of serum lipid level between BRVO patients and controls.