Carcinogenesis is a multistep process that a couple of genes involve in the initiation of this disease.As a pivotal hallmark of cancer, the genomic instability ensues in which genetic alterations when this process was initialized and developed. With the increasing number of studies on genomic instability, the scientists pay more attentions on its biological function at post-genomic era. Genomic instability in various carcinomas is associated with broken telomere, gene modification, and contributes to the dysfunction of DNA damage and repair pathways.This review focus on the factors involved in genomic instability, as well the current detection methods of genomic instability and their clinical application.

Objective To identify the significance of expression and phosphorylation of protein kinase R(PKR) and nuclear factor NF-κB p65 in cervical lesions, and the effect of high-risk human papilloma virus(hsHPV) on expression and phosphorylation of R(PKR) and NF-κB p65. Methods A total of 67 patients with cervical cancer, 149 patients with cervi-cal intraepithelial neoplasia (CINⅠ-Ⅲ) and 15 normal control were included in this study. The expression levels of PKR, phosphorylated PKR (p-PKR), NF-κB p65 and phosphorylated NF-κB p65 (p-NF-κB p65) were detected by immunohisto-chemical SP method in three groups. Results The positive expression rates of PKR and p-PKR in cytoplasm were signifi-cantly lower in hsHPV positive group than those in hsHPV negative group (27.2% and 11.0% vs 41.1% and 21.1%,χ2 =4.858 and 4.371,P＜0.05). The positive expression rates of NF-κB p65 and p-NF-κB p65 in cytoplasm and nucleus were significantly higher in hsHPV positive group than those in hsHPV negative group (46.3%, 25.7%, 22.8% and 12.5% vs 32.6%, 14.7%, 11.6%and 4.2%,χ2=4.345,4.048,4.729 and 4.650 respectively,P＜0.05). The positive expression rates of PKR in kytoplasm and karyon were significantly lower in NF-κB p65 (+) group than those in NF-κB p65 (-) group (25.5%vs 38.0%and 20.4%vs 36.3%,χ2=3.898 and 4.396 respectively, P＜0.05). The positive expression rate of PKR in kyto-plasm was significantly lower in p-NF-κB p65 (+) group than those in p-NF-κB p65 (-) group (19.0%vs 36.0%,χ2=4.462, P＜0.05). Conclusion hsHPV may inhibit the expression and phosphorylation of PKR but promote the expression and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65. The expression and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 may inhibit the expression of PKR. Regu-lating effects of three may be associated with the generation and progression of cervical cancer.

The paper is to investigate eco-design flaws in equipments for medical simulation training and explore methods to improve. The eco-design flaws in equipments for medical simulation training were elaborated from the aspects of accessories, modules, model volumes, recycling of waste equipments, and production materials. The improved methods of the flaws were demonstrated. The designs of equipments for medical simulation training can be more environment friendly by means of getting rid of unnecessary accessories, developing replaceable modules for manikin models, curtailing volumes of equipments, recycling waste equipment and using degradable production materials. As the tendency of being environment friendly in medical equipments becomes increasingly obvious, the eco-friend merits must be considered by multi-objective optimizations in the processes of design, manufacture, and employment of equipments for medical simulation training.

Objective To investigate the effects of p53 on expression and activity of protein kinase R (PKR) as well as biological characters of HeLa cells from cervical carcinoma patients. Methods Recombinant plasmid vector pEGFP-C1/p53 was constructed to over-express p53 then it was transfected into HeLa cells. Transcription levels of p53 and PKR mRNA were detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) among pEGFP-C1/p53 transfection group, pEGFP-C1 transfection group and blank control group(only transfection reagent was added);Protein expression lev?els of p53, PKR, phosphated PKR(p-PKR)and phosphatedαsubunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2(p-eIF2α)which is the downstream substrate of PKR were detected by Western Blot among three groups;Proliferation of HeLa cell were deter?mined by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium(MTT)assay;Invasion of HeLa cell were determined by Transwell cell assay. Re?sults Recombinant plasmid vector pEGFP-C1/p53 was successfully constructed to overexpress p53;Transcription level of p53 and PKR mRNA in pEGFP-C1/p53 transfection group were higher than those in pEGFP-C1 transfection group and in blank control group (P<0.05),and there were no significant difference between their levels in pEGFP-C1 transfection group and in blank control group;Protein expression levels of p53, PKR, p-PKR andp-eIF2α in pEGFP-C1/p53 transfection group were higher than those in pEGFP-C1 transfection group and in blank control group (P<0.05),and there were no sig?nificant difference between those expression levels in pEGFP-C1 transfection group and in blank control group;MTT and Transwell cell results showed that proliferation and invasion of HeLa cells in pEGFP-C1/p53 transfection group were weaker than those in pEGFP-C1 transfection group and in blank control group (P<0.05),and there were no significant difference between proliferation and invasion of HeLa cells in pEGFP-C1 transfection group and in blank control group. Conclu?sion p53 can up-regulate the expression and activity of PKR, promote activation of PKR/eIF2αsignal transduction pas?sage and restrain cell proliferation and invasion of HeLa cells.

Multi-drug resistance of breast cancer remains a major obstacle for effective treatment,which involves many complicated mechanisms,including drug transport in the body,metabolism and drug targets.Recent researches find that the tradition Chinese medicine not only has good effects in improving the body resistance and general situation of patients and enhancing the effects of chemoradiotherapy,but also plays a vital roles in the muti-drug resistance reversal of breast cancer.

Objective To analyze clinical and pathological characteristics of ocular malignant melanoma.Methods The tumor tissue specimens of 40 ocular malignant melanoma patients were given HMB-45,S-100 monoclonal antibody HE and immunohistochemical staining,and the general information of patients,tumor location,histologic type and prognosis were also analyzed.Results In the 40 patients,25 cases occurred in the uvea,ocular surface tissue in 8 cases,orbital secondary tumors in 4 cases,2 cases of eyelid,lacrimal sac in 1 case.Pathological typing:shuttle A cell type in 13 cases,B 12 cases,spindle cell type mixed cell type in 10 cases,epithelial cell type in 2 cases,3 cases of other types.In 40 patients with S-100 showed strong positive.HMB-45 was strongly positive in 20 cases,moderate positive in 18 cases,weakly positive in 2 cases.All patients were followed up for 2 years,the pathological type of diffusion or rewarming rate:shuttle A cell type 7.7％(1/13),shuttle B cell type 0.0％,mixed cell type 10％(1/10),epithelial cells of type 50％(1/2),other types 33.3％(1/3),other types and epithelial type tumor proliferation rate or relapse rate were significantly higher than other pathological types(x2=12.46,P＜0.05).＜50 years age group 28 cases,aged 50 years in 12 cases,the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(x2=12.80,P＜0.05);male 22 cases,female 18 cases,the difference was not statistically significant(x2=0.80,P＞0.05).Conclusion ocular malignant melanoma occurred in uveal and ocular surface tissue,spindle cell type is the most common,other types and epithelial cell type melanomas diffusion rate or a high recurrence rate,the disease with high degree of malignancy,should pay attention to its early diagnosis and treatment.

Animals ; Bilirubin ; toxicity ; Brain ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Nitric Oxide ; metabolism ; Rabbits

Advances in the understanding of cancer at the molecular level have led to much progress in the development of anti-cancer agents. Among the newly invented medications for targeted cancer therapy, protein kinase inhibitors target intracellular molecules crucial in signaling pathways for cancer cell survival, proliferation, and disease progression. The Raf serine/threonine kinases are pivotal molecules within the Raf/mitogen extracellular kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. The exact function of Raf in normal human cells is not yet understood; however, preclinical and clinical researches have shown that over expression of Raf gene or overreaction of Raf kinase isoforms have critical roles in many types of solid tumors, including renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, melanoma, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Sorafenib is the first oral, multi-kinase inhibitor that targets the Raf kinases. It also has a broad spectrum activity against other receptor tyrosine kinases associated with vascular endothelial growth factor receptors and platelet-derived growth factor receptors. Sorafenib was recently approved by FDA for use in advanced renal cell cancer, and is currently undergoing active investigation in the treatment of other types of malignancies, such as melanoma, liver cancer, prostate cancer, and NSCLC. In this review, we will illustrate the role of Raf in both normal and malignant cells, the mechanism of sorafenib in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma, as well as clinical data that support its use and further investigation in advanced renal cell carcinoma, melanoma, and other tumor types.

Objective To explore the applied value of MRI in diagnosing pyogenic of infection of gluteus muscles.Methods MRI data in 9 cases with pyogenic infection of gluteus muscles proved by operation or biopsy were retrospectively analysed by comparison with the pathological diagnosis.Results The pyogenic infections localized at unilateral gluteus muscles involving single,two or three gluteus muscles in all cases.On MRI,the infective gluteus muscles were swelling diffusely and the infections developed along the long axis of the muscles and most or all gluteus muscles were involved.4 cases appeared as suppurative myositis and 5 cases developed typical abscess.4 cases were accompanied with subcutaneous edema and the abscess broken into skin in one case.Conclusion The pathological characteristics of the stage and extent of the pyogenic infection in gluteus muscles can be displayed by MR imaging.

Objective To evaluate spiral CT in the diagnosis of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in new born.Methods 114 cases HIE were examined with spiral CT, CT findings were analyzed.Results Brain edema of difference degree was found in all cases,thirty cases were showd intracranial hemorrhage.Conclusion Spiral CT scan is helpful for evaluating brain injury with HIE.