Objective To explore the relationships between the polyrnorphisms of xeroderma pigmentosum A(XPA) and the susceptibility of esophageal cancer (EC),as well as its interaction with environmental factors-gene in Changzhi area,Shanxi province. Methods A case-control study was conducted,including 196 cases of EC and 201 controls.XPA 23G polymorphisms were determined with polymerase chain-restriction on fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).Results The risk of EC was significantly degraded in the individuals who had been carrying the XPA heterozygote (A/G) and mutation genotype (G/G),compared to those with wild genotype (X2=16.21,P＜0.01) and the ORs were 0.58 (0.37-0.91) and 0.32 (0.18-0.56),respectively.There was negative interaction between XPA 23G mutation genotype and the consumption of pickled food (S=0.04,API=-0.77).Conclusion Genetic polymorphism in the XPA 23G might be associated with esophageal cancer in Changzhi area,and there was a negative action between XPA predisposing genotype and the consumption of pielded food.

This study is to investigate the effects of phenytoin sodium, lidocaine (sodium channel blockers), propranolol (beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist), amiodarone (drugs prolonging the action potential duration) and verapamil (calcium channel blockers) on arrhythmia of mice induced by Bufonis Venenum (Chansu) and isolated mouse hearts lethal dose of Chansu. Arrhythmia of mice were induced by Chansu and then electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded. The changes of P-R interval, QRS complex, Q-T interval, T wave amplitude, heart rate (HR) were observed. Moreover, arrhythmia rate, survival rate and arrhythmia score were counted. Isolated mouse hearts were prefused, and the lethal dose of Chansu was recorded. Compared with control group, after pretreatment with phenytoin sodium, broadening of QRS complex and HR were inhibited, and the incidence of ventricular arrhythmia was reduced dramatically, while survival rate was improved; the isolated mouse hearts lethal dose of Chansu was increased significantly. After pretreatment with lidocaine, the prolongation of P-R interval and broadening of QRS complex were inhibited, and the incidences of ventricular arrhythmia were reduced dramatically, while survival rate was improved; the isolated mouse hearts lethal dose of Chansu was increased significantly. After pretreatment with propranolol, prolongation of P-R interval, broadening of QRS complex, prolongation of Q-T interval and HR were inhibited, and the incidences of both supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias were reduced dramatically, while survival rate was improved. After pretreatment with amiodarone, HR was inhibited, the incidences of ventricular tachycardia were reduced dramatically. Lastly, after pretreatment with verapamil, the prolongation of P-R interval and Q-T interval were inhibited and the incidences of both supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias were reduced dramatically; the isolated mouse hearts lethal dose of Chansu was reduced significantly. In in vivo experiments, phenytoin sodium was most effective against the mice arrhythmias induced by Chansu while cautious use of verapamil for Chansu inducing arrhythmia should be noted. It is also concluded that mice ventricular arrhythmias induced by Chansu might be most closely related to sodium channel, supraventricular arrhythmias might be related to beta-adrenergic receptor, and calcium channel plays an important role in conduction block. In in vitro experiments, phenytoin sodium was most effective, followed by lidocaine and propranolol, and amiodarone had no obvious effect and verapamil reduced the lethal dose of Chansu.
Amiodarone ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents ; pharmacology ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; chemically induced ; physiopathology ; Bufanolides ; toxicity ; Electrocardiography ; drug effects ; Female ; Heart Rate ; drug effects ; In Vitro Techniques ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Lidocaine ; pharmacology ; Male ; Mice ; Phenytoin ; pharmacology ; Propranolol ; pharmacology ; Verapamil ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo uncover the transmission patterns of the HIV epidemic in Dehong prefecture.

METHODSThe reviewed case reports, data of sentinel surveillance, testing and special survey were analyzed by SAS 8.0 program. The transmission patterns were modeled by utilizing data including sizes of the whole population and the high risk groups, high risk behavior data from 1989 to 2007, and the population index such as sex ratio and fertility rate.

RESULTSIn 2005, case reports showed the proportion of people infected with HIV through sexual contact was 39.1%, and 46.9% in 2006. Among 1636 cases reported between January 1 to September 20, 2007, the proportion of people infected with HIV through sexual contact was 52%. From 1989 to 2007, the proportion of HIV infection among drug users was declining, while HIV infection through sexual contact was rising after standardizing the population tested/surveyed. The Asian Epidemic Model has shown that the proportions of incident HIV infections through sexual transmissions were 50.6%, 52.3% and 52.7% respectively from 2005 to 2007. Correspondingly, the proportions of incident cases by injecting drug user were 48.9%, 47.2% and 46.7% respectively during this period. Moreover, the Workbook method has shown that, among adults living with HIV in 2007, 50.3% were infected through injecting drugs and 48.4% through unsafe sexual activity.

CONCLUSIONThe rapid rise in HIV infections through injecting drug in Dehong prefecture has been initially curbed. HIV epidemic has already witnessed a change from predominantly through drug injecting-related activity to an almost equally fuelled epidemic by sexual and drug-related transmission.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; epidemiology ; transmission ; China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Models, Statistical ; Risk Factors ; Social Problems

OBJECTIVETo investigate the current situation of the sexual transmission of HIV in Dehong prefecture, analyze the influential factors, and provide support for drafting pertinent preventive interventions in the future.

METHODSWe had analyzed the data of case report from 2005 to 2007, and the prostitutes surveillance data from 2003 to 2007. A special survey was conducted from October 26 to November 7, 2007. Totally 685 people including prostitutes, the clients of prostitutes, people who were HIV positive and their partners, key insiders were interviewed in order to better understand the influential factors related to sexual transmission of HIV.

RESULTSAmong 1636 cases reported from January 1 to September 20, 2007, 52% were infected through sexual transmission. Among 586 cases infected through sexual transmission, 40.6% had commercial sexual behavior and 28.6% had unmarried sexual behavior. And the average rate of condom use was below 30%. The prostitutes' surveillance data from 2003 to 2007 showed that the HIV positive rate in prostitutes was 3.3% - 5.5%. The rate of condom use in the last month was 29.4% - 84.4% during commercial sexual activity, but it was 9.5% - 34.8% with fixed sexual partners. Although the rate of HIV and AIDS-related knowledge among prostitutes was 95.0%, there were still many misunderstanding regarding certain aspects of HIV and AIDS awareness.

CONCLUSIONSexual transmission has become one of the main transmission routes of HIV in Dehong prefecture. The main factors involved in the sexual transmission of HIV in Dehong prefecture might include the wide spreading of sexual services, cohabitation among unmarried couples, having multiple partners, casual sexual behavior, and the low rate of condom use.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; epidemiology ; transmission ; China ; epidemiology ; Disease Notification ; statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Sex Work ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases ; epidemiology ; Social Problems

Objective To establish the pharmacokinetic model of linezolid in neonates,and to optimize the administration regimen. Methods A prospective study was conducted among 64 neonates with sepsis who received linezolid as anti-infective therapy,and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to measure the plasma concentration of the drug. Clinical data were collected,and nonlinear mixed effects modeling was used to establish a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model. Monte Carlo simulation and evaluation was performed for the optimal administration regimen of children with different features. Results The pharmacokinetic properties of linezolid in neonates could be described by a single-compartment model with primary elimination,and the population typical values for apparent volume of distribution and clearance rate were 0.79 L and 0.34 L/h,respectively. The results of goodness of fit,visualization verification,and the Bootstrap method showed that the model was robust with reliable results of parameter estimation and prediction. Monte Carlo simulation results showed that the optimal administration regimen for linezolid in neonates was as follows:6 mg/kg,q8h,at 28 weeks of gestational age (GA);8 mg/kg,q8h,at 32 weeks of GA;9 mg/kg,q8h,at 34-37 weeks of GA;11 mg/kg,q8h,at 40 weeks of GA. Conclusions The PPK model established in this study can provide a reference for individual administration of linezolid in neonates. GA and body weight at the time of administration are significant influencing factors for the clearance rate of linezolid in neonates.

Objective To monitor the susceptibility of clinical isolates to antimicrobial agents in tertiary hospitals in major regions of China in 2022.Methods Clinical isolates from 58 hospitals in China were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using a unified protocol based on disc diffusion method or automated testing systems.Results were interpreted using the 2022 Clinical &Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI)breakpoints.Results A total of 318 013 clinical isolates were collected from January 1,2022 to December 31,2022,of which 29.5％were gram-positive and 70.5％were gram-negative.The prevalence of methicillin-resistant strains in Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species(excluding Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus schleiferi)was 28.3％,76.7％and 77.9％,respectively.Overall,94.0％of MRSA strains were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 90.8％of MRSE strains were susceptible to rifampicin.No vancomycin-resistant strains were found.Enterococcus faecalis showed significantly lower resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents tested than Enterococcus faecium.A few vancomycin-resistant strains were identified in both E.faecalis and E.faecium.The prevalence of penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae was 94.2％in the isolates from children and 95.7％in the isolates from adults.The resistance rate to carbapenems was lower than 13.1％in most Enterobacterales species except for Klebsiella,21.7％-23.1％of which were resistant to carbapenems.Most Enterobacterales isolates were highly susceptible to tigecycline,colistin and polymyxin B,with resistance rates ranging from 0.1％to 13.3％.The prevalence of meropenem-resistant strains decreased from 23.5％in 2019 to 18.0％in 2022 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa,and decreased from 79.0％in 2019 to 72.5％in 2022 in Acinetobacter baumannii.Conclusions The resistance of clinical isolates to the commonly used antimicrobial agents is still increasing in tertiary hospitals.However,the prevalence of important carbapenem-resistant organisms such as carbapenem-resistant K.pneumoniae,P.aeruginosa,and A.baumannii showed a downward trend in recent years.This finding suggests that the strategy of combining antimicrobial resistance surveillance with multidisciplinary concerted action works well in curbing the spread of resistant bacteria.