OBJECTIVE:To study the identification problems of pharmacokinetic compartment models.METHODS:Problems of the identification of classical compartment models in single administration were systematically discussed by Laplace transformation method.RESULTS:The classical compartment models in single administration don't have the character of u-niqueness and the identification for which is a problem.CONCLUSION:The drug level in plasma and the concentration of drugs that distributed in organs were in a direct ratio under the condition of two kinds of unidentifiable classical compartment models,in that case,it has theoretic bases and significance to predict the concentration of drugs that distributed in organs or target organs by means of determining the drug concentration in plasma;if on the other hand,if two kinds of classical com-partment models are identifiable,the drug level in plasma and the concentration of drugs that distributed in organs or target organs wouldn't be in a proportional relationship,in this case,it is advisable to make sure the relationship between the drug le_ vel in plasma and the concentration of drugs that distributed in organs or target organs before predicting drug concentration that distributed in organs or target organs by means of monitoring the drug concentration in plasma;otherwise,it is baseless and meaningless.

Objective To investigate the potential factors that may be associated with clinical significant endoscopy findings (CSEF) and the characters of the appropriate patients for upper endoscopy.Methods Information of the out-patients was collected from the questionnaires that were performed before undergoing upper endoscopy from 26 September 2011 to 23 December 2011,including demographics characteristics,symptoms,gastroesophageal reflux disease questionnaire (Gerd Q) score,comorbidities,medication and purpose for upper endoscopy.The analyses were performed by Logistic regression to find the potential factors that were associated with CSEF.Results A total of 942 cases were enrolled.There were 471 (50.0％) patients with dyspepsia and reflux symptoms,300(31.8％)patients with dyspepsia and without reflux symptoms,and 86(9.1％)patients with reflux symptoms and without dyspepsia.Sum to 325 (34.5％) patients were diagnosed with CSEF,119(12.6％) with erosive esophagitis,28(3.0％) with Barrett esophagus,102 (10.8％)with peptic ulcers,66 (7.0％) with gastric dysplasia,and 13 (1.4％) with upper malignancy.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that men (OR=1.677,95％CI:1.148 to 2.451),older age (OR=1.032,95％CI:1.021 to 1.044),alcohol intake (OR=1.761,95％CI:1.068 to 2.903),Gerd-Q score increase (OR=1.079,95％ CI:1.003 to 1.160),and presence of acid regurgitation (OR=1.659,95 ％CI:1.143 to 2.408) were significantly associated with increasing risk of diagnosis for CSEF,while taking proton pump inhibitors (OR=0.298,95％CI 0.109 to 0.818)was associated with lower possibility of detection.Conclusions Factors such as male,older age,alcohol intake,Gerd-Q score increase,presence of acid regurgitation and taking proton pump inhibitors,may have a certain significance for screening out patients and further improving the cost efficiency of gastroscopy.

Abodominal giant incisional hernia is the common complication of abdominal operations,and surgery is the only efficient treatment for it.It is important to treat the local complications,to use antibiotics and to assess the tolerance of increased intra-abdominal pressure before operation.Component separation technique is feasible to close the abdominal wall defect,which is one of the main difficuhies in giant heruia repair.After that,mesh repair with biological materials is recommended to enhance the abdominal wall.Although mesh repair techniques diversified,sandwich hernionhaphy seems superior.This paper will analyse the present treatment progress of abdominal giant incisional hernia.

Radiotherapy plays a significant role in the treatment of lung malignant tumor.However,as the most main complication of radiotherapy used to treat lung malignant tumor,radiation-induced lung injury is an important influencing factor in impeding further and higher dose radiotherapy.Previous studies show that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the characteristics of self-replication,multiple differentiation,immunoregulation and directional migration. MSCs can help to repair many kinds of acute and chronic lung injury,meanwhile stem cell transplantation stimulates production of many cytokines to attenuate acute lung injury.So stem cell therapy provides a new kind of thinking in the prevention and treatment of radiation-induced lung injury.

Objective To explore the clinical value of early diagnosis of ovarian cancer by serum lysophosphatidic acid(LPA) and CA-125.Methods 50 patients with ovarian cancer from October 2005 to February 2008 were selected as ovarian cancer group,at the same period selected 44 patients with ovarian benign tumor(ovarian benign disease group),and 50 healthy women as the healthy control group.All patients were diagnosed and confirmed by preoperative blood and pathology.The serum LPA and CA-125 of two groups were detected.Results The serum LPA level and the positive rate in the ovarian cancer group was higher than that of the ovaries benign group or the control group(P＜0.05).The CA-125 level in the ovarian cancer group was similar to that of the ovaries benign group(P＞0.05),while the CA-125 level in the ovarian cancer group or the ovaries benign group was higher than that of the control group(P＜0.05).The specificity of the LPA was better than that of the CA-125 detection.In the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer,the sensitivity of the combination(85.7%) was better than either of them(P＜0.01);the plasma LPA level and positive rate of CA-125 of the phase Ⅱ～Ⅳ ovarian cancer patients were higher than that of phase Ⅰ (P＜0.01);the CA-125 positive rate of the serious cystadenocarcinoma was higher than that of the cystadenocarcinoma(P＜0.01).Conclusion LPA is a sensitive biomarker for the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer,especially combined with CA-125.It should be widely used in clinic.

Objective To detect the level of the serum estradiol-2 (E_2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients with endometriosis (EMS) and explore their clinical significance. Methods Fifty-nine EMS patients from January 2006 to January 2009 were selected as EMS group and 60 normal women were selected as control group. The serum E_2,TNF-αand VEGF in EMS group 24 h pre-operation, 7 d post-operation and 6 months after operation were detected, and compared with control group. Results The levels of the serum E_2[(216.5 ± 59.7) ng/L],TNF- α [(30.4 ± 17.5) μg/L]and VEGF [(250.7 ± 88.7) ng/L]in EMS group pre-operation were significantly higher than those in control group [(100.2 ± 33.2) ng/L, (11.2 ± 3.6) μg/L, (103.2 ± 49.2) ng/L]and post-operation [(121.3±44.6) ng/L, (13.4 ± 6.2) μg/L, (153.9 ± 58.7) ng/L](P < 0.01). But there was no significant difference between control group and post-operation of EMS group (P > 0.05). The levels of the serum E_2 [(316.5 ± 77.6) ng/L],TNF-α [(51.1 ± 12.3) μg/L]and VEGF [(305.1±69.7) ng/L]with stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ in EMS group were higher than those in control group or those with stage Ⅰ - Ⅱ [(170.7±48.2) ng/L, (25.8 ± 10.1) μ g/L, (169.2 ± 36.1) ng/L](P < 0.05 or < 0.01). The levels of the serum E_2,TNF- α and VEGF with stage Ⅰ - Ⅱ in EMS group were also higher than those in control group (P < 0.05). Nine patients recurred at 6 months after the operation. The levels of the serum E_2[(187.8 ± 46.7) ng/L],TNF- α [(23.9 ± 9.5) μg/L]and VEGF [(185.3 ± 57.4) ng/L]of the recurred EMS patients stepped up significantly higher than those of the non-recurred EMS patients [(112.7±30.3) ng/L, (13.2±4.7) μg/L, (116.4±30.3) ng/L](P < 0.01). While there was no significant difference between control group and non-recurred EMS patients (P >0.05). Conclusions The serum E_2,TNF-αand VEGF may play important roles in the development of the EMS. And the detection of the serum E_2,TNF-αand VEGF is useful to judge the patient's condition and the prognosis of the EMS.

Mild cognitive impairment(MCI)refers to cognitive regression which goes beyond one'S age and education level,but does not influence the activities of daily living.More than half patients with MCI will develop dementia within five years.Therefore,MCI is considered as a risk status of dementia.Early diagnosis of MCI prevents against patients developing dementia. Voxel-based morphometry(VBM)technique quantitatively calculates the size of global and local gray matter voxel and signal intensity.It is a full automatic analysis technique of objective brain morphology.This article reviews the application of VBM technique in patient with MCI.

As the increasing of digital imagilag modalities,a close-at-hand challenge to deal with is the storage and transmission requirement of enormous data of medical images.Compression is one of the indispensable techniques to solve this problem.A comprehensive review and discussions are made in this paper over the medial image compression techniques applied in medical image domain,including the latest achievements in this field.Different compression algorithm including ROI-based coding,lossless compression,DWT,neural net are introduced and some quality evaluation methods are introduced.Foreground of the field is given from our point of view.

Objective To explore the characteristics of childhood tuberculosis and recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease in order to improve its diagnosis and treatment. Methods Key words“child”“tuberculosis”“diagno-sis” and “treatment” were used to retrieve relevant literatures from Pubmed,Web of Science,CNKI and Wanfang databases.The literatures were reviewed and clinical experience summarized. Results Disseminated tuberculosis and extrapulmonary tubercu-losis were common in children with tuberculosis. It was difficult to collect with samples of diagnostic value for detection. There counterparts were no systematic diagnosis and treatment programs available for children with drug-resistant tuberculosis,and phar-maceutical dosage forms tailored for children were lacking. Conclusion Tuberculosis in children is more complex to diagnose and treat than in adult counterpart.Diagnosis of this disease relies on a variety of diagnostic methods.It's still challenging to control childhood tuberculosis.

Objective To study changes and meaning of serum IL -4,IL -10,IFN -gamma,TGF -beta 1 level in patients with delayed encephalopathy after carbon monoxide poisoning.Methods From January 2011 and June 2014 in our hospital,40 cases of DEACMP patients were selected as group A;the 40 patients with DEACMP was divided into 12 cases of mild cognitive dysfunction,mild cognitive dysfunction in 20 cases,8 cases of severe cognitive dysfunction.40 cases with acute carbon monoxide poisoning (ACMP)patients were selected as group B;40 cases of healthy subjects were selected as healthy controls.Serum interleukin 4 and interleukin 10(IL -4)(IL -10),interfer-on gamma (IFN -gamma),conversion,growth factor beta 1 (TGF -beta 1)content were tested.Results In Group A and group B serum IL -4 levels were lower than that of healthy controls (P <0.01),and serum levels of IL -10 in group B were higher than that in group A and healthy controls (P <0.01),serum level of IFN -gamma in group A and group B was higher than the healthy controls (P <0.01),and in group A IFN -gamma levels were higher than group B (P <0.01),while in group A serum TGF -beta 1 level was lower than B group and the control group (P <0.01),and in group B TGF -beta 1 level was higher than the control group (P <0.01);With cognitive impairment aggravating of DEACMP patients,IL -4,IL -10,TGF -beta 1 levels were on the decline,and IFN -gamma level was increasing (P <0.01).Conclusion DEACMP patients serum and cerebrospinal fluid of IL -4,IL -10,IFN -gam-ma,TGF -beta measures such as abnormal expression,showed that the onset of DEACMP may be related to neural immune injury.Serum IL -4,IL -10,IFN -gamma and TGF -beta of DEACMP patients exists abnormal expression Serum IL -4,IL -10,IFN -gamma and TGF -beta levels are also related to the degree of cognitive impairment of DEACMP patients.The onset and progress of DEACMP may be associated with neural immune injury.