OBJECTIVE:To study the identification problems of pharmacokinetic compartment models.METHODS:Problems of the identification of classical compartment models in single administration were systematically discussed by Laplace transformation method.RESULTS:The classical compartment models in single administration don't have the character of u-niqueness and the identification for which is a problem.CONCLUSION:The drug level in plasma and the concentration of drugs that distributed in organs were in a direct ratio under the condition of two kinds of unidentifiable classical compartment models,in that case,it has theoretic bases and significance to predict the concentration of drugs that distributed in organs or target organs by means of determining the drug concentration in plasma;if on the other hand,if two kinds of classical com-partment models are identifiable,the drug level in plasma and the concentration of drugs that distributed in organs or target organs wouldn't be in a proportional relationship,in this case,it is advisable to make sure the relationship between the drug le_ vel in plasma and the concentration of drugs that distributed in organs or target organs before predicting drug concentration that distributed in organs or target organs by means of monitoring the drug concentration in plasma;otherwise,it is baseless and meaningless.

Radiotherapy plays a significant role in the treatment of lung malignant tumor.However,as the most main complication of radiotherapy used to treat lung malignant tumor,radiation-induced lung injury is an important influencing factor in impeding further and higher dose radiotherapy.Previous studies show that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the characteristics of self-replication,multiple differentiation,immunoregulation and directional migration. MSCs can help to repair many kinds of acute and chronic lung injury,meanwhile stem cell transplantation stimulates production of many cytokines to attenuate acute lung injury.So stem cell therapy provides a new kind of thinking in the prevention and treatment of radiation-induced lung injury.

Abodominal giant incisional hernia is the common complication of abdominal operations,and surgery is the only efficient treatment for it.It is important to treat the local complications,to use antibiotics and to assess the tolerance of increased intra-abdominal pressure before operation.Component separation technique is feasible to close the abdominal wall defect,which is one of the main difficuhies in giant heruia repair.After that,mesh repair with biological materials is recommended to enhance the abdominal wall.Although mesh repair techniques diversified,sandwich hernionhaphy seems superior.This paper will analyse the present treatment progress of abdominal giant incisional hernia.

Objective To investigate the potential factors that may be associated with clinical significant endoscopy findings (CSEF) and the characters of the appropriate patients for upper endoscopy.Methods Information of the out-patients was collected from the questionnaires that were performed before undergoing upper endoscopy from 26 September 2011 to 23 December 2011,including demographics characteristics,symptoms,gastroesophageal reflux disease questionnaire (Gerd Q) score,comorbidities,medication and purpose for upper endoscopy.The analyses were performed by Logistic regression to find the potential factors that were associated with CSEF.Results A total of 942 cases were enrolled.There were 471 (50.0％) patients with dyspepsia and reflux symptoms,300(31.8％)patients with dyspepsia and without reflux symptoms,and 86(9.1％)patients with reflux symptoms and without dyspepsia.Sum to 325 (34.5％) patients were diagnosed with CSEF,119(12.6％) with erosive esophagitis,28(3.0％) with Barrett esophagus,102 (10.8％)with peptic ulcers,66 (7.0％) with gastric dysplasia,and 13 (1.4％) with upper malignancy.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that men (OR=1.677,95％CI:1.148 to 2.451),older age (OR=1.032,95％CI:1.021 to 1.044),alcohol intake (OR=1.761,95％CI:1.068 to 2.903),Gerd-Q score increase (OR=1.079,95％ CI:1.003 to 1.160),and presence of acid regurgitation (OR=1.659,95 ％CI:1.143 to 2.408) were significantly associated with increasing risk of diagnosis for CSEF,while taking proton pump inhibitors (OR=0.298,95％CI 0.109 to 0.818)was associated with lower possibility of detection.Conclusions Factors such as male,older age,alcohol intake,Gerd-Q score increase,presence of acid regurgitation and taking proton pump inhibitors,may have a certain significance for screening out patients and further improving the cost efficiency of gastroscopy.

Objective To determine the correlations between breast ultrasonic and mammographic features and molecular classification of breast infiltrating ductal carcinoma in young women.Methods A retrospective review of radiological,clinic-pathology features of breast cancers for women under 40 years at our hospital between January 2011 and May 2016 covering 94 patients.Mammography and ultrasound were available for all 94 patients.Results On sonography,basal like type tumours more often appeared as oval or round masses and microlobulated or indistinct margins luminal type irregular mass and angular or spiculated margins(P =0.000,P =0.000).Basal like type masses were often with abrupt interface,luminal A type with echogenic halo (P =0.000).On mamography,HER-2 enriched type cancers more presented as microcal cification only,basal likc type more masses(P =0.002).Luminal typc masses were more often with spiculated or obscured margins,basal like with indistinct margins(P =0.000).Conclusion The imaging charasteristics of breast infiltrating ductal carcinoma in patients under 40 years appear correlated to breast infiltrating ductal carcinoma.

Non-vascular interventional diagnostic methods of thyroid nodules include ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology(USgFNAC)and ultrasonography-guided core-needle biopsy(USgCNB).USgFNAC is a practical method used to select and to guide the treatment of various thyroid nodules, however, it is difficult to make a differentiation between benign and malignant lesions simply to rely on the findings of a small number of cells.USgCNB has the advantage of being able to obtain satisfactory specimen enough for making a histological diagnosis, although this procedure is contraindicated in some patients.Non-vascular interventional treatments of thyroid nodules include percutaneous ethanol injection(PEI) and ultrasonography-guided interstitial laser photocoagulation(USgILP).Both PEI and USgILP have fine effect on the benign thyroid nodules.Compared with PEI, laser-induced necrosis can be well controlled, thus, the adverse reactions, such as the formation of fibrosis adjacent to the nodule, vocal cord paralysis, etc.can be avoided.Non-vascular interventional treatments may cause some untoward effects.For the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid nodules, the non-vascular interventional procedure is simple, safe, effective and economic with less complications, therefore, this technique is worth being popularized in clinical practice.

Objective: To evaluate the nutritional status of gastrointestinal carcinoma patients by mini-nutritional assessment(MNA),and to compare the relationship with different tranditional evaluative methods. Methods: The nutritional state and the malnutritional incidence were analysed by MNA questionnaire in 496 gastrointestinal carcinoma patients,and the relationship among MNA score and anthropometric measurements and laboratory test was studied.Results: ①According to the scores of MNA, 16.94%(84/496) patients were of mal-nutrition and 42.54%(211/496) patients were at risk of malnutrition.② In terms of each single index,BMI,TSF,AC and AMC,the prevalence of malnutrition was 13.5%,21.9%,15.1% and 15.5% respectively.③According to laboratory test,including serum albumin,PA,TLC,the incidence of malnutrition was 14.9%,25.4% and 30.8%.④ There was a significant correlation between the MNA score and tranditional nutritional estimated markers.The correlation coefficients of MNA with BMI,ALB,AC,TSF,AMC and TLC were between 0.18 and 0.53(P

Objective: To investigate the effects of hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein (HBx) on the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) and the underlying intracellular signal pathways. Methods: The plasmid pCI-neo-X that carries the X gene of hepatitis B virus was transfected into cultured GMCs. HBx expression in the transfected GMCs was assessed by Western-blot. TNF-α protein and mRNA were assessed by ELISA and semi-quantitative RT-PCR, respectively. Three kinase inhibitors-U0126, an inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs);lactacystin, an inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB);and SB203580, a selective inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase (p38 MAPK) were used to determine which intracellular signal pathways may underlie the action of HBx on TNF-αexpression in transfected GMCs. Results:A significant increase in HBx expression in pCI-neo-X transfected GMCs was detected at 36 h and 48 h, which was not affected by any of those kinase inhibitors mentioned above. A similar increase in the expression of both TNF-αprotein and mRNA was also observed at 36 h and 48 h, which was significantly decreased in the presence of U0126 or lactacytin, but not SB203580. Conclusions:HBx upregulates TNF-αexpression in cultured GMCs, possibly through ERKs and NF-κB pathway, but not p38 MAPK pathway.

Objective To explore the clinical value of early diagnosis of ovarian cancer by serum lysophosphatidic acid(LPA) and CA-125.Methods 50 patients with ovarian cancer from October 2005 to February 2008 were selected as ovarian cancer group,at the same period selected 44 patients with ovarian benign tumor(ovarian benign disease group),and 50 healthy women as the healthy control group.All patients were diagnosed and confirmed by preoperative blood and pathology.The serum LPA and CA-125 of two groups were detected.Results The serum LPA level and the positive rate in the ovarian cancer group was higher than that of the ovaries benign group or the control group(P＜0.05).The CA-125 level in the ovarian cancer group was similar to that of the ovaries benign group(P＞0.05),while the CA-125 level in the ovarian cancer group or the ovaries benign group was higher than that of the control group(P＜0.05).The specificity of the LPA was better than that of the CA-125 detection.In the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer,the sensitivity of the combination(85.7%) was better than either of them(P＜0.01);the plasma LPA level and positive rate of CA-125 of the phase Ⅱ～Ⅳ ovarian cancer patients were higher than that of phase Ⅰ (P＜0.01);the CA-125 positive rate of the serious cystadenocarcinoma was higher than that of the cystadenocarcinoma(P＜0.01).Conclusion LPA is a sensitive biomarker for the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer,especially combined with CA-125.It should be widely used in clinic.

Objective To detect the level of the serum estradiol-2 (E_2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients with endometriosis (EMS) and explore their clinical significance. Methods Fifty-nine EMS patients from January 2006 to January 2009 were selected as EMS group and 60 normal women were selected as control group. The serum E_2,TNF-αand VEGF in EMS group 24 h pre-operation, 7 d post-operation and 6 months after operation were detected, and compared with control group. Results The levels of the serum E_2[(216.5 ± 59.7) ng/L],TNF- α [(30.4 ± 17.5) μg/L]and VEGF [(250.7 ± 88.7) ng/L]in EMS group pre-operation were significantly higher than those in control group [(100.2 ± 33.2) ng/L, (11.2 ± 3.6) μg/L, (103.2 ± 49.2) ng/L]and post-operation [(121.3±44.6) ng/L, (13.4 ± 6.2) μg/L, (153.9 ± 58.7) ng/L](P < 0.01). But there was no significant difference between control group and post-operation of EMS group (P > 0.05). The levels of the serum E_2 [(316.5 ± 77.6) ng/L],TNF-α [(51.1 ± 12.3) μg/L]and VEGF [(305.1±69.7) ng/L]with stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ in EMS group were higher than those in control group or those with stage Ⅰ - Ⅱ [(170.7±48.2) ng/L, (25.8 ± 10.1) μ g/L, (169.2 ± 36.1) ng/L](P < 0.05 or < 0.01). The levels of the serum E_2,TNF- α and VEGF with stage Ⅰ - Ⅱ in EMS group were also higher than those in control group (P < 0.05). Nine patients recurred at 6 months after the operation. The levels of the serum E_2[(187.8 ± 46.7) ng/L],TNF- α [(23.9 ± 9.5) μg/L]and VEGF [(185.3 ± 57.4) ng/L]of the recurred EMS patients stepped up significantly higher than those of the non-recurred EMS patients [(112.7±30.3) ng/L, (13.2±4.7) μg/L, (116.4±30.3) ng/L](P < 0.01). While there was no significant difference between control group and non-recurred EMS patients (P >0.05). Conclusions The serum E_2,TNF-αand VEGF may play important roles in the development of the EMS. And the detection of the serum E_2,TNF-αand VEGF is useful to judge the patient's condition and the prognosis of the EMS.