Hedging is an important component of vague language. This paper retrieves high frequency expressions of hedgingby using medical English corpus. Pragmatic functions of hedging are analyzed, which can be summarized as politeness principle, authors' self-protection, avoidance of the absolute, pursuit of objectiveness as well as conversational implication. To medical researchers, it is necessary to cultivate the awareness of hedging and learn how to adopt it in their research papers.

Objective:To explore the clinical application of permanent needle of deep venipuncture in early management of extensive burn.Methods:88 patients with extensively burn are analyzed.Results:The success rate of venipuncture was 96%.The effect was satisfactory,while the complication was less.Conclusion:The permanent needle of deep venipuncture shows an important role in early management of extensive burn.

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare type of extranodal lymphoma, and its incidence rate is increasing nowadays. Chemotherapy is the main means for treatment of PCNSL and the efficacy of high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) has been confirmed among those chemotherapeutics. Treatments of HD-MTX combined with other drugs have been studied extensively. Progress of HD-MTX and other drugs for PCNSL are reviewed in this article.

ObjectiveTo investigate the risk factors,prevention measures and treatment methods of the pulmonary fibrosis patients with nosocomial pulmonary fungal infection. Methods50 pulmonary fibrosis patients with nosocomial pulmonary fungal infection were chosen as the observation group. In the same time,50 pulmonary fibrosis patients without nosocomial pulmonary fungal infection were chosen as the control group. The following factors were compared: hospital stay, corticosteroid use, antibiotic use, invasive procedures, a merger of the underlying disease.ResultsThere were 46％ (23/50) patients had long-term use of antibiotics in the observation group, much more than the control group(26％ ,13/50) ,the difference was statistically significant( P ＜0.05) ;More than half of patients in both groups using glucocorticoids, the ratio in the observation group was 84％ (42/50), which was significantly higher than the control group( P ＜ 0.05) ; In the observation group, the rates of patients with long time hospitalization ( ≥30 days), received invasive procedures, and associated with underlying diseases were much higher than the control group( all P ＜ 0.05). ConclusionMultiple risk factors could lead to the occurrence of pulmonary fibrosis patients with nosocomial pulmonary fungal infection,and the positive and effective preventions and standard treatment should be taken.

Ear Diseases ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging

AIM　To establish innovational triangular phase diagrams for preparation of pharmaceutical microemulsion (ME) with low toxicity as a result of reducing the amount of the emulsifiers. METHODS Lecithin and polyoxyethylene octyl phenyl ether (OP) were used as emulsifiers (E), absolute alcohol and n-octyl alcohol as assistant emulsifiers (A), ethyl oleate and olive oil as the oil phase (O). For the innovational triangular phase diagrams, lecithin-ethyl oleate-water and absolute alcohol (optimized ratio W/A=0.6)system, and OP(olive oil and n-octyl alcohol (O/A=0.34)-water system were used for preparation of the ME. While for the traditional triangular phase diagrams, OP and n-octyl alcohol (E/A=Km=1.5)-olive oil-water system, lecithin and absolute alcohol (E/A=Km=1.12)-ethyl oleate-water system were used. Then, the corresponding amounts of the emulsifiers used in both methods were compared. RESULTS　In the ME of lecithin systems by the innovational and the traditional methods, the amounts of emulsifier are 6%-28% and 28%-29.6%, respectively. In the ME of OP systems by the innovational and the traditional methods, the amounts of emulsifier are 23%-40% and 27.6%-49.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION　The method of innovational triangular phase diagram for preparation of ME is superior to the traditional method in finding out the lower amounts of emulsifiers for ME, and is a feasible method with guiding significance for preparing ME.

The prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer is dismal, especially at the advanced stage of the disease. Surgery is considered as the only curative treatment modality for pancreatic cancer;however, less than 20% of patients are candidates for curative surgical resection. Multidisciplinary management, including radiation therapy with concurrent chemotherapy, followed by systemic chemotherapy, is the treatment of choice for locally advanced pancreatic cancer. An early phase Ⅲ clinical trial conducted by GITSG (GI Tumor Study Group) has demonstrated a survival benefit for concurrent chemoradiation as compared to radiation alone in locally advanced disease. 5-FU,capacitabine and gemcitabine are the most investigated chemotherapy agents used with radiation. Currently thecombined use of gemcitabine and radiation therapy is under active investigation, and may provide substantial clinical advantage over other regimens. Multi-agent chemotherapy regimen used in concurrence with radiation has not demonstrated any significant effect but with severe toxicities. Conformal radiotherapy should be routinely used to treat locally advanced pancreatic cancer with doses of 45-50.4 Gy. The target of locally advanced pancreatic cancer is focussed on the gross tumor with safe margins. The use of IMRT is highly recommended for unresectable tumor, and makes further dose escalation possible.

Trauma is one of the main reasons for the death and disability in children.Ultrasonic tech-nology has been applied in the early assessment and diagnosis of trauma.it is quick,effective,non-invasive, fast imaging,mobile and suitable for different patients and different parts of the body.It has been used to as-sess the organs in patients with severe trauma widely.

Objective: To improve the standardization method for ethanol potassium hydroxide volumetric solution. Methods: A new potentiometric titration method was established and compared with the indicator method described in Chinese Pharmacopeia (2010 edition) . Results:There was no significant difference between the results of the potentiometric method and the indicator method( P>0. 05). Furthermore, the potentiometric titration had significant jump range, good precision and high reliability. Conclusion:The po-tentiometric method can be used in the standardization of ethanol potassium hydroxide volumetric solution.

To investigate the academic features of Waizheng-YiAn-Huibian and provide references for research and application of it. With research approach in bibliography, the academic features of the book were studied from source of medical cases, writing characteristic, academic thought, etc. The academic features of Waizheng-YiAn-Huibian were summarized into the following 5 points, including multiple chosen medical cases but all with unique individual features, precious discussion after each case, named external symptoms, but covered internal symptoms, encouraging mild treatment and against being broad and complicated, emphasis on veins and arteries, positioning and nature determination. Waizheng-YiAn-Huibian is a wonderful masterpiece in medical cases research and worth learning and studying.