Objective: To investigate the pharmacodynamics and acute toxicity of Duodongan Oral Solution. Methods: The test of walking time and raising the front limbs of mice Step down test were used to observe the improvement of Duodongan Oral Solution on the spontaneous activity inhibition and memory acquisition disturbance of mice. Results: Duodongan Oral solution could obviously inhibit the spontaneous activity of mice, and its action is strengthened with the increase of dosage. The step down test showed that the oral solution could prolong the latent peroid and decrease the error rate in 5 minites, which indicated that the drug obviously improved memory acquisition disturbance. The acute toxic test indicated that the maximum tolerance dose is 159 times as much as the clinical dose a day. Conclusion: This oral solution has much low toxicity, and is safety for oral administration.

Objective To assess the enteral iron and energy intake of premature neonates during hospitalization in neonatal intensive care unit(NICU).Methods This retrospective study enrolled 208 premature neonates admitted in the NICU of Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine within 48 hours after birth from January 2012 to December 2013.The following data were recorded for all infants:clinical basic information,the amount of formula iron intake in milk,enteral and parenteral nutrition intake as well as oral iron supplementation.Results The amount of enteral iron intake in the 1st,2nd,3rd,4th week after birth and at discharge was (0.2 ± 0.3) mg/(kg · d),(0.9 ±0.7) mg/(kg · d),(1.2 ±1.0) mg/(kg · d),(1.5 ± 1.1) mg/(kg · d),and (2.2 ± 1.1) mg/(kg · d),respectively,which accounted for 10％,45 ％,60％,75 ％ and 110％ of the recommended iron intake.The energy intake in the 1st,2nd,3rd,4th week after birth and at discharge was (13.2 ± 14.8) kcal/(kg · d) (1 kcal =4.184 kJ),(46.0 ± 32.6) kcal/(kg · d),(62.2 ± 38.1) kcal/(kg · d),(71.3 ± 38.2) kca]/(kg · d) and (105.3 ± 32.1) kcal/(kg · d),which accounted for 11.0％,38.3％,51.8％,59.4％ and 87.8％ of the recommended intake,respectively.Lower enteral iron and energy intake after birth occurred in the premature infants with lower birth weight,especially those with anemia who had significantly lower enteral iron intake than the normal neonates in the first 2 weeks after birth.Conclusions Enteral iron and energy intake among premature neonates were insufficient,especially during the first 2 weeks after birth.It is necessary to develop and implement more effective nutritional support to improve the nutritional status of premature infants.

BACKGROUND: The tissue engineered corneal epithelium can be constructed with limbal stem cells of healthy rabbit cornea cultured in vitro, and its transplantation may promote the repair and healing of corneal alkaline burn.OBJECTIVE: To probe the effect and opportunity of treating corneal alkaline bum by tissue-engineered corneal epithelium transplantation.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: Controlled observational animal experiment was performed in the Department of Experimental Animal at the First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital between July 2007 and June 2008.MATERIALS: Twenty-one New Zealand female white rabbits, weighing 2.0-2.5 kg, were divided into control group (n=8, 16 eyes) and transplantation group (n=13, 26 eyes) at random. The transplantation group was further assigned into early transplantation group at 1 day (n=2, 4 eyes), 3 days (n=3, 6 eyes), 6 days (n=6, 12 eyes), and 9 days (n=9, 18 eyes); and mataphase transplantation group at 14 days (n=3, 6 eyes).METHODS: The tissue-engineered corneal epithelium was prepared on 21 rabbits with limbal stem cells cultured in vitro, and reforming comeel alkaline burn models of double eyes were induced by 1 mollL NaOH. The autotogous or allogenic tissue-engineered comeal epithelium transplantation was conducted on early time points (1, 3, 6, 9 days) or metaphase (14 days) after alkaline burning. In the control group, the burns were observed for 4 consecutive weeks.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The ocular surface integrity and histopathology in the transplantation group and control group were observed on several time points within 4 weeks.RESULTS: At 1 weak after corneal alkaline burning, large corneal epithelial dasquamation occurred, 72% incidence of epithelial desquamation or corneal ulcer at 2 weeks, and continued to 4 weeks, while only 25% were observed at 4 weeks in transplantation group, most gained ocular surface integrity; cell infiltration and vascularization of corneal stroma had not bean suppressed in metaphase transplantation group, while they were suppressed obviously in the deep comeal stroma in early transplantation groups; Within 4 weeks, immunological rejection induced by allogenic transplantation was not greater than that of autologous transplantation.CONCLUSION: Cultivated autologous or allogenic tissue-engineered corneal epithelium transplantation could recover ocular surface integrity as soon as possible, and the effect of early transplantation surpasses that of mstaphase.

Objective To explore the influence of health education on patients with dysphgia and related complications.Methods Different methods of health education were used with 87 patients with different dysphagia conditions and their earegivers.The health education was oriented to dysphgia evaluation and appropriate functional training to improve deglutition.The severity of dysphgia and related complications were observed before and after the health education. Results Health education combined with functional training could reduce the possibility of pul-monary infection,misaspiration and malnutrition for post-stroke dysphagic patients,and the difference was statistical-ly significant. Conclusions Health educmion combined with functional training is effective in reducing the possi-bility of pulmonary infection and malnutrition and preventing misaspiration in stroke patients with dysphgia.It can help such patients regain the independent deglutition ability in the short term.

Objective To evaluate five detection methods for the laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection in the hospitals of USA, and explore a sensitive, specific, accuracy and rapid regimen for the early diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. Methods A total of 174 stool specimens submitted to the clinical microbiology laboratory for Clostridium difficile testing were separately tested by five methods including toxigenic culture (TGC), Premier Toxin A&B EIA( A/B-EIA), C. Diff Quick Chek Complete( DEIA), BD G eneOhm Cdiff assay(BD-PCR) and Laboratory-developed PCR(LD-PCR). The gold standard of TGC was used as a reference criterion, and the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value ( PPV )and negative predictive value (NPV) of A/B-EIA, D-EIA, BD-PCR and LD-PCR assays were determined. Results Among the 174 specimens studied, 24 were defined as true positives for Clostridium difficile infection by TGC assay, giving a positive rate of 13.8% (24/174). In comparison to the standard,the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were 62.5%, 99.3%, 93.8% and 94.3% for A/B-EIA;66.7%, 98.7%, 88.9% and 94.9% for D-EIA; 83.3%, 98.7%, 90.9% and 97.4% for BD-PCR;79.2%, 93.3%, 65.5% and 96.6% for LD-PCR. Among all tested specimens, 34 were positive by atleast one of five methods, and of which 15 were concordant by all five methods. The D-EIA results were divided into three groups depending on results of GDH and (or) toxins A/B: 18 were positive for both GDH and toxins A/B, 23 were positive for only GDH, and 133 were negative for both GDH and toxins A/B. Of 18 positive specimens by D-EIA assay, all were concordant with results of BD-PCR assay and 16 were agreement with results of TGC assay. Twenty-two of 24 positive specimens by TGC assay were included in 41 specimens that were positive for GDH. Among eight false negative specimens by D-EIA assay, four were differentiated as positive results by BD-PCR. According to the present study, the sensitivity, specificity,PPV and NPV of a two-step detection algorithm in combination with D-EIA and BD-PCR assays were 83.3%, 98.7%, 90.9% and 97.4%, respectively. Conclusions From the point of technological evaluation, BD-PCR is preferable. A two-step detection algorithm combining D-EIA with BD-PCR is proposed for the laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. This algorithm has demonstrated an excellent sensitivity and specificity, as well as decreased test turnaround time and test cost.

Objective To examine HOXA11,ER and PR expression in human endometrial hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma.Methods The immunohistochemistry was applied to analyze the level of HOXA11、ER and PR expression in the proliferative endometria,simple hyperplasia and endometrial adenocarcinoma.Results The expression level of HOXA11 in the endometrial hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma was significantly higher than that of proliferative endometrium(P

Objective To investigate the relationship between cathepsin L and apoptosis cell in rats after cerebral ischemia reperfusion.Methods Sixty healthy male Sprague-Dawley Rats (10-12 weeks old,260-300 g) were chosen.Based on the random number table method,the rats were randomly divided into sham-operated control group (Sham group,n =10),ischemia-reperfusion group (model group,n =25),and Z-FY-DMK intervention group (CLI group,n =25).Rats were randomly divided into 6 h,12 h,24 h,and 48 h four subgroups in model group and CLI group,respectively.Modified transient middle cerebral artery occlusion was made as Longa described,the intervention groups were injected intracerebroventricularly Z-FY-DMK (20 μg / 1μ1 ×5 μl) preoperative 30 min prior to surgery,Sham group and schemia reperfusion injury (IRI) group were injected intracerebroventricularly dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 5 μ1 (10ml/L) at the same time.Cell apoptosis was detected by terminal dexynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) straining.Western blotting was used to detect the expression of cathepsin L and caspase-3.Results In the cortical area of ischemic brain,apoptosis cells of sham operation group were rare,while apoptosis of nerve cells of model group with 6 hours reperfusion were visible,and were gradually increased in the order of 12 hours,24 hours and 48 hours.At the same time point,the apoptosis cells of CL intervention group (6 h,12 h,24 h,48 h) were obviously less than model group (P ＜0.05).Western blotting found little visible cathepsin L protein expression in ischemic cerebral cortex preoptic in the sham group.For model group,the cathepsin L expression initially increased in sub groups with 6 hours reperfusion,reached to a peak in sub groups with 12 hours and 24 hours,and remained a high level in sub groups with 48 hours reperfusion.Compared to model group,the cathepsin L expressions of CL intervention group were obviously decreased at all time points (P ＜ O.05).Conclusions Cathepsin L may be involved in neuronal apoptosis by means of caspases 3 pathway.

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of sodium selenite on gentamicin-induced ototoxicity.MethodsTwenty guinea pigs were randomly divided into the experimental group and control group with 10 animals in each group. The animals were treated with i.m injection of gentamicin (200 mg/kg/d for 8 consecutive days, and at same time, the experimental group was added with p.o tablet of sodium selenite (1 mg/kg/d). Before and after the administration, hearing function was evaluated by examination for auditory brain stem responses (ABR). The cochlear outer haircells were observed by scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and transmission electronic microscope (TEM).ResultsABR threshold of the control group was about 30 dB above that of the experimental group (P<0.01). The latency of waveⅠof the control group was about 0.23 ms above that of the experimental group (P<0.01). Under SEM, the cilia of the majority outer hair cells of the control group lodged even disappeared, while that of the experimental remained regular. Under TEM, in outer hair cells of the control group, mitochondrial crests were obscure, out-membrane was damaged and local protruding, the number of secondary lysosomes was increased, myeloid bodies appeared, but in the experimental group, outer hair cells basically remained normal.ConclusionSodium selenite has antitoxic effect on guinea pig cochlea injury induced by gentamicin in vivo.

AIM: To determine the association between subfoveal choroidal thickness before therapy and therapeutic activity in diabetic macular edema.
METHODS: The current study was a retrospective study, which included 32 patients ( 32 eyes ) diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy and macular edema. All the patients were firstly treated with intravitreal injections of ranibizumab. Main outcome measures were included the subfoveal choroidal thickness, central macular thickness and best-corrected visual acuity ( BCVA) at preoperation and postoperative visit at 3mo.
RESULTS: After 3 monthly intravitreal injections of ranibizumab, the BCVA was significantly higher than that before therapy and accompanied with significantly reduced thickness of subfoveal choroid and central fovea of macula. Spearman analysis was revealed that a greater baseline subfoveal choroidal thickness was associated with a better BCVA (rs=0. 544, P=0. 036).
CONCLUSION:In the therapy of intravitreal injections of ranibizumab on diabetic macular edema, there seems to be a better BCVA in the patients with a greater baseline subfoveal choroidal thickness. Therefore, baseline subfoveal choroidal thickness may be a useful predictor for the therapy of diabetic macular edema.

AIM:To assess changes of tear film function in patients after pterygium excision combined with amniotic membrane transplantation.
METHODS:Totally 126 patients with pterygium excision with amniotic membrane transplantation from January 2011 to November 2013 were entered in the study. The tear breakup time ( BUT) , the Schirmer I test ( SⅠt) and tear ferning test ( TFT ) were elevated in the patients before and after pterygium excision combined with amniotic membrane transplantation. The examnation times were 1d before surgey, 1wk, 1, 2mo after surgery. Operation eyes were studied group, while opposite healthy eyes as control group.
RESULTS: Compared with the control group, BUT and TFT were significantly different in the eyes with pterygium (P<0. 05); However, no obvious difference was detected in the results of SⅠt (P>0. 05). The results of BUT and TFT at 1mo after surgery in study group were significantly better than 1wk (P<0. 05), while no significant difference compared with 2mo (P>0. 05); The tear film stability in the study group at 1wk after surgery was still inferior to the control group (P<0. 05) and there was no significant difference at 1, 2mo after surgery (P all>0. 05). SⅠt results did not differ between the different examination times(P>0. 05).
CONCLUSION:Tear film stability was broken in the eyes with pterygium. Pterygium excision combined with amniotic membrane transplantation can obviously restore the tear film function into normal state, and the tear film function could reach steady-state 1mo after surgery.