Objective To review the blood gas analysis of H7N9 flu patients for better understanding the characteristics and prognosis of the emerging disease.Methods A retrospective review was conducted for the 15 H7N9 influenza patients,whose blood gas profile was tested with a Radiometer 80 Blood Gas Analyzerin our hospital.The profile of blood gas analysis was compared between the 12 surviving patients and the 3 deaths in terms of their outcomes.Results The 3 patients who died of H7N9 influenza averaged 83 years old.The partial pressure of oxygen was <8 kPa in 9 of the 12 surviving patients,which meet the diagnostic criteria of type I respiratory failure.Their partial pressure of oxygen all recovered to normal (11 .033 ± 2.335 kPa,reference range 10-14 kPa)on discharge.The pH value of peripheral arterial bloold averaged 7.335 (range 7.39-7.54)on adission for the 3 patients who died of H7N9 influenza.The worst average pH value was 7.233 (range 7.32-7.35), which was significantly different from the values of the surviving patients.Conclusions Elderly patients are susceptible to H7N9 influenza infection and subsequent respiratory failure.Old age was associated with higher mortality.The partial pressure of ox-ygen is not significantly associated with patient outcomes.Appropriate active treatment may recover the blood gas profile to normal regardless of the initial values.If decreasing peripheral arterial bloold pH value is highly suggestive of poor prognosis, comprehensive measures should be taken to keep acid-base balance,including assisted ventilation to correct hypoxemia.

T follicular helper cells(Tfh)possess the function to induce efficient B cell maturation in germinal center (GC).However,HIV infection can destroy the structure of lymphoid follicles,and disturb the quantity and function of Tfh,resulting in the dysfunction of B cells.Meanwhile,HIV may remain dormant in the Tfh after invading host and escape the elimination of immunologic system.Consequently,the Tfh turns into the sanctuary of HIV.By the above mentioned mechanism,HIV infection leads to the progressive damage of CD4 + T lymphocytes, hypergammaglobulinemia and the loss of memory B lymphocytes.

Protozoal infection is one of the most important opportunistic infections among patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS). In order to enhance the knowledge of protozoal infections in AIDS, the current status of diagnosis and treatment of toxoplasmic encephalitis, cryptosporidiosis, microsporidiosis and isosporiasis was reviewed in this paper.

The mortality of septic shock has been reported high.Glucosteroid is widely used in patients with septic shock as one of the assistant therapies of septic shock.However the applied patients,the using time,the duration and the dose of glucosteroid remain controversial.Recently it is recommended using small dose in septic shock according to results of large scale clinical trials.We will review the studies of glucosteroid in septic shock in recent years here.

Zika virus disease is a mosquito-borne disease with aedes as a potential viral vector. Besides Zika virus, aedes can also serve as a vector for other viruses such as yellow fever virus and dengue virus.With the impact of globalization and climate changes, many regions in the world are experiencing outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases in recently years.This paper focuses on the epidemic, prevention and control measures of mosquito-borne infectious diseases such as Zika virus disease and yellow fever which are firstly imported to China.

The outbreak of COVID-19 occurred in January 2020, the epidemic is still rampant around the world. The Shanghai Expert Consensus on Comprehensive Treatment and Management of Corona Virus Disease 2019 was issued in early March 2020, which provided the guidance of the standardized treatment and rational medication for COVID-19. The administration of " four agents (glucocorticoids, heparin, high-dose vitamin C, Interferon-κ) and one peptide (thymic peptide)" recommended by the consensus is the key to successfully block and treat critical illness.

Objective To construct recombinant plasmid with p24 and gp41 gene, express fusion protein in E.coli. Methods To design primer with restriction endonuclease position,and amplify p24 and gp41 by RT-PCR, link both into pMD18-T vector.To choose correct clone with target gene.Then p24 fragment will be cleaved and linked into pMD18-T vector within gp41 gene. Both post-linked gene will be cleaved and linked into pET21a vector. The vector will be transformed into E.coli. And protein is highly effective expressed in E coli. Western blotting proved that the expressed product could react with 6?his antibody. Result Fusion protein p24-gp41 is highly effective expressed in E.coli. Conclusion Fusion protein p24-gp41 is highly effective expressed in E.coli in pET21a vector.

Objective To study the mutations of ERG11 gene which encodes P450 lanosterol 14-α demethylase, and to explore the possible role of ERG11 gene in inducing fluconazole resistance in Candida glabrata. Methods ERG11 genes of 9 fluconazole-resistant Candida glabrata isolates and 10 fluconazole-sensitive Candida glabrata isolates were cloned into pUC57-T vector. The open reading frame of ERG11 gene were sequenced by two directional sequencing using universal primers. All sequences were compared with the published sequence. Results Ten kinds of synonymous point mutation were found. Neither missense mutation nor frame-shifting mutation was found. Among the 10 kinds of synonymous point mutation, 5 were found in both fluconazole-resistant and fluconazolesensitive Candida glabrata isolates, and 3 were only found in fluconazole-resistant isolates, 2 were only found in fluconazole-sensitive ones. The majority of the point mutations were located between 1320-2200 base pair of ERG11 gene. Conclusions There are ERG11 gene polymorphisms in clinical strains of Candida glabrata. ERG11 gene mutations are not found to be involved in the development of fluconazole resistance in Candida glabrata.

Objective To assess the epidemiological relatedness on an outbreak of Enterococcus facium sepsis between humans and pigs based on genomic analysis. Methods Two bacterial isolates recovered randomly from the blood of one patient and one pig were analyzed for homogeneities by comparison with 16S rRNA gene sequences in the GeneBank. Moreover, The extracted genomic DNA was digested with the 20 U SamI enzyme respectively, then their interrelationship was performed according to the pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Results Sequences determined from both human and pig isolates were 100% identical and most closely related to E. facium , diverging from the prototype sequence by one nucleotide (99.9% similarity) and displayed indistinguishable pulsed field gel electrophoresis patterns. Conclusions These data demonstrate epidemiological relatedness of the bacterial isolates, and suggest spread of an E. facium -related sepsis outbreak from pigs to humans.

Objective To quantitatively investigate the expression levels of the cytosine deaminases,hA3B,hA3F and hA3G in peripheral blood mononuclear cell(PBMC)of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)infected patients and to analyze the correlation between cytosine deaminases expression and CD4~+ T lymphocyte counts. Methods Peripheral blood samples were collected from 21 HIV-infected subjects who didn't take antiretroviral therapy(ART-),21 HIV-infected subjects receiving ART(ART+),and 10 HIV-uninfected subjects. PBMC were isolated by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation, followed by RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis.hA3B,hA3F and hA3G mRNA levels were determined by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction(PCR).CD4~+ T lymphocyte counts were determined using flow cytometry. Data were analyzed by t test, t' test or Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results In HIV-infected subjects without or with ART,HIV-uninfected subjects, the levels of hA3B mRNA were 208.4,365.2 and 563.6,hA3F mRNA were 245.5,316.6 and 442.9,hA3G mRNA were 404.6,360.8 and 638.6,respectively.hA3G mRNA level in HIV-infected subjects was lower than that in HIV-uninfected controls(P=0.0131),but there was no statistical difference between ART+ and ART-groups(P=0.7342).There were no correlations between hA3B,hA3F and hA3G mRNA levels and CD4+ T lymphocyte counts in either ART-or ART+HIV-infected subjects(ART-:r=-0.0104,r=-0.0545,r=0.1623,all P＞0.05;ART+:r=0.3220,r=0.2193,r=0.1455,all P＞0.05).In addition,hA3B,hA3F and hA3G mRNA levels were positively correlated with one another in ART-HIV-infected subjects and HIV-uninfected controls(P＜0.05),but not in ART-HIV-infected subjects(P＞0.05).Conclusions hA3B,hA3F and hA3G expression levels do not directly correlate with CD4~+ T lymphocyte counts in HIV-1-infected patients,hA3B,hA3F and hA3G expression levels in PBMCs tend to he decreased after HIV-1 infection, and ART may increase hA3B and hA3F mRNA expression.