An anatomical study was made in 40 dried skulls (80 orbits) and 20 cadavers with the ethmoidal arteries. In the dried skulls, a large number of the ethmoidal foramen lie to the frontoethmoidal suture line or above it.The distance from dacryon point to the anterior ethmoidal foramen is about 16 mm and to the posterior ethmoidal foramen, about 30 mm.The distance from the posterior ethmoidal foramen to the orbital opening of the optic canal is 5-8 mm in 78%.In this cadaver study, the anterior ethmoidal arteries are shorter in length and larger in diameter, and they run close to the orbital wall.The posterior ethmoidal arteries arc longer and thinner than the anterior ethmoidal arteries, and they are closely related to the superior oblique muscles.Sometime they give off some branches to the extra-ocular muscles

50 cases of the brancnes and anastomoses of the cavernous segment of theinternal corotid artery were dissected on 3 adult and 22 infant cadavers under aspectacle type magnifying glass and a binocular dissection microscope.The principalresults are summarized as follows:1.From the proximal to the distal portion of the cavernous segment of theinternal carotid artery there were two curves,the first one curves forward and thesecond curve curves upward.Both curves divided the cavernous segment into threeportions,i.e.the posterior ascending,horizontal and anterior ascending portions.2.Normally within the cavernous segment of the internal carotid artery therewere two major branches which were the meningo-hypophyseal trunk and the arteryof the inferior cavernous sinus.In some cases there was also a capsular arterypresent.The meningo-hypophyseal trunk usually gave rise to three branches,viz,the tentorial artery,the dorsal meningeal artery and the inferior hypophyseal artery.According to the number of the primary branches within the cavernous segment ofthe internal carotid artery,we classify four types of ramification namely:of onebranch,of two branches,of three branches and of four branches.3.With regard to various branches,their origins,average external diameters,proper names,courses and distributions were presented in detail.4.The anastomoses of the cavernous segment of the internal carotid arterywithin various branches were described.The clinical significance of what has beenmentioned above was discussed.5.Parkinson's cavernous triangle,which is of practical significance to themicrosurgical operation,has been likewise measured.

Filtered backprojection algorithms are widely used in the commercial CT systems.The projection data and the object functions all belong to the real number area in applications of CT image reconstruction.The reconstruction algorithm based on Fourier transform involves lots of complex number operations.It's an inherent characteristic in computation.Because of the real number transform characteristic of Hartley transform comparing with Fourier transform,the signals and images in the real number area can be processed using Hartley transform instead of Fourier transform.Based on the geometrical relationships between image pixels and projection rays at different viewing angles,a Multi-orientation simultaneous computation of backprojection for tomographic image reconstruction(MSBP) approach is proposed.In this paper,the filtered backprojection algorithms of CT image reconstruction are realized by using FHT and MSBP.The algorithms may lead to the reduction of the memory space and can reduce the amount of calculation while retaining the precision.

The low sensibility of MR molecular imaging to signals makes signal amplification exceptionally important.This paper reviews the strategy of the reporter gene signal amplification in MR molecular imaging.

Quantum dots,as nanometer-sized semiconductor crystals,are widely used in life sciences for their excellent optical characteristics.This article introduces the unique optical characteristics of quantum dots and their application in labeling cancer cells and tumor markers as well as in the targeting and imaging of tumor vasculature.

Reforming the managerial system and the educational system of higher medical education is the requirement of the social development in the twenty-first century. The article expounds the fundamental characteristics of medical education including small scale, longer-duration program, and high expenditure. It emphasizes the significance of following the rule of medical education, and analyzes the important position of medical college and the relation of medical college to affiliated hospitals and other related colleges in the comprehensive university. Based on the requirement of the social development and the trend of higher medical education internationalization, it also analyzes the necessity of the adjustment on the medical educational system and the way of the adjustment.

Objective:To investigate the application of three-dimensional visualization technology in preoperative assessment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Methods:Thirty-eight patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma who underwent surgery from March 2014 to April 2016 were enrolled in the retrospective study. Among the cases, an observational group of 18 patients had preoperative three-dimensional visualization surgical planning, while a control group of 20 patients did not have the visualization surgical plan. The preoperative diagnostic results were analyzed with the actual intraoperative findings. Related surgicall indicators between the two groups were compared. Results:No significant difference in the accuracy rates of longitudinal and vertical infiltration of cholangiocarcinoma between was observed the observational group and control group. While the vascular and ductal branching pattern of all patients are consistent with intraoperative findings, the coincidence rate was higher in the observational group than that in the control group (100%vs. 70%, P<0.05). The estimated liver volumes were also exactly consistent with the actual liver volume (r=0.986, P<0.001). In comparison with the control group, the average intraoperative blood loss and operative time of the observational group were significantly lower. However, the potential curative resection between the two groups exhibited no significant difference. Conclusion:Three-dimensional visualization technology can accurately complete the preoperative evaluation of hilarcholangiocarcinoma.

Objective To investigate the value of detection of serum LDH,AST,CK and LDH and TNF-α of CSF in the acute phase of adult intracranial infection.Methods Seventy-seven patients with acute stage of intracranial infection in our hospital from January 2014 to December 2015 were selected as the observation group,and 60 patients with non-infectious nervous system diseases were selected as the control group.The levels of serum LDH,AST and CK,and LDH and TNF-α levels of CSF within 7 d after onset were compared between the two groups and the subgroup analysis was performed.Results The levels of serum LDH,AST and CK,and TNF-α and LDH of CSF in the infection group were significantly higher than those in the control group,the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05);LDH level of CSF in the purulent meningitis and tuberculous meningitis groups was significantly higher than that in the viral encephalitis group (P＜0.05);the level of TNF-α of CSF in the purulent meningitis was significantly higher than that in the tuberculous meningitis and viral meningitis groups (P＜0.05).Conclsion Detecting serum LDH,AST and CK,and LDH and TNF-α levels of CSF is conducive to the auxiliary diagnosis of intracranial infection,meanwhile has a certain discriminating value for the causes of intracranial infection.

Controlled attenuation parameter (CAP)is a noninvasive,quantitative,fast,and reliable novel tool for the assessment of fatty liver disease (FLD),and it has been a hotspot in the noninvasive diagnosis of FLD.This paper introduces factors associated with CAP asses-sing FLD,the cut -off value for the diagnosis of liver steatosis,and the causes of the failure of CAP measurement and unreliable CAP meas-urement.The paper believes that even though the noninvasive and quantitative diagnosis of FLD by CAP has been confirmed by many stud-ies,most of the results were obtained with a limited sample size.Therefore,the factors associated with the cut -off value for CAP diagnosing liver steatosis and factors influencing the measurement results still need validation with larger samples and multi -centered research reports.

BACKGROUND:The new formulation and preparation technology of new drugs have become a hot spot for improving the utilization of polypeptides. In particular, the development of nanotechnology in recent years has promoted the clinical application of polypeptide drugs. OBJECTIVE:To review the current research of nanoparticles as carriers of polypeptide drugs for oral administration. METHODS:A computer-based search of CNKI database and SCI database was performed for relevant articles published from 1996 to 2014 by using the keywords of“protein, peptide drugs, nanoparticles, oral administration”in Chinese and English, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The encapsulation efficiency, release rate of drug delivery, stability of nanoparticles in the gastrointestinal tract and penetrability of the intestinal mucosa are determined by many factors, such as the kind, size, surface charge and modification of nanoparticles. The nanoparticles can increase the stability of protein drugs and improve the bioavailability of drugs. The targeting property of the nanoparticles can decrease the adverse reactions of some drugs. The release effect of the nanoparticles can decrease the dosage of drugs and increase the drug circulating time. However, there are stil many problems to be solved in nanotechnology:the activities of some protein drugs are lost in the preparation process;theencapsulation efficiency and drug loading need to be improved;protein burst release cannot be solved completely;the mass production of nanoparticles is stil difficult.