This paper reviews the currently research on competency of practitioners in the field of nutrition and food hygiene at home and abroad. Through literature review, it's found that the there are few researches on competency in China at present. Furthermore, compared with foreign countries, there are several issues in China, such as the methods and index system setting. However, due to different national conditions, there are significant differences in the demand for nutrition and food hygiene practitioners, related disciplines and characteristics between China and abroad. Therefore, when drawing lessons from foreign models, we should appropriately make adjustments according to China's national conditions. This review will provide references for further research on establishing a set of scientific and standardized competency evaluation indexes for practitioners in the field of nutrition and food hygiene with Chinese characteristics.

Objective To investigate the relationship between edema and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) within traumatic penumbra (TP) of rats with brain trauma.Methods Eighty-eight healthy adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group (n =11) and trauma group (n =77),according to the random number table.Trauma group were further subdivided into seven time points (1 h,6 h,12 h,24 h,48 h,72 h and 7 d) of 11 animals each.Brain tissue samples from the moderate brain models were collected to evaluate brain edema with histological observation,blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability with semiquantitative immunohistohemical staining of IgG,and AQP4 expression with immunofluorescence and Western blotting.Results In control group pathology and IgG staining revealed no abnormalities and expression of AQP4 was few.In trauma group light edema zone was visualized at 1 h,began widening,reached the peak at 12 h [(1.589 ±0.020)mm],and then began narrowing.There were significances in width of the edematous band at each time point except for the comparison at 24 h vs.48 h and 72 h vs.7 d (P ＜ 0.05).After trauma,vasogenic edema was found in edema zone at 1 h,intracellular edema was found at 6 h,both aggravated at 12 h and alleviated slightly at 24 h,and intracellular edema predominated at 48 h.IgG showed intensively positive staining at 1,12 and 48 h,and weak staining at 6 h,24 h,72 h and 7 d.After trauma,expression of AQP4 decreased at 1 h (0.659 ± 0.021),returned slightly at 6 h (1.257 ±0.058),peaked at 12 h (2.499 ±0.136),declined again at 24 h (2.267 ± 0.068),re-raised at 72 h (2.078 ± 0.065),and returned to the baseline at 7 d (1.280 ± 0.065).There were significant differences in level of AQP4 at each time point except for the comparison at6h vs.7 d,24 h vs.72 h and 24 h vs.72 h (P＜0.05).Conclusions In the early phase vasogenic edema characterized by BBB damage is significant within TP,which leads to decreased expression of AQP4.However,the subsequent up-regulation of AQP4 results in intracellular edema,which accelerate the spreading of TP.AQP4 may involve in body's defense reaction.

Objective To observe the effects and safety of rapamycin (Rap) in combination with cyclosporine A (CsA) and steroid (Pred) as triple regimen for prevention of acute rejection after renal transplantation.Methods Fifty patients with de novo cadaveric kidney allograft were randomized into two groups. In the study group there were 30 patients treated with Rap, CsA, and Pred, while in the control group there were 20 patients with conventional triple therapy of azathioprine (Aza), CsA, and Pred. Same dosages of CsA and Pred were used in both groups. Any adverse event after treatment was observed and recorded in detail. The laboratory investigations were checked and analyzed periodically.Results The pre-protocol population included 26 patients in study group and 18 patients in control group. The 2-year patient and graft survival rates in both groups were 100 %. The incidence of acute rejection was 3.7 % (1/27) in study group, 25 % (5/20) in control group, respectively. All episodes of acute rejection were reversed by methylprednisolone. The trough levels of CsA kept same in both groups, but CsA dose in study group was lower than that in control group. Blood concentrations of total cholesterol and triglyceride in study group were higher than those in control group. Conclusion Rap is an effective and safe immunosuppressive drug for prevention of acute rejection after renal transplantation. Rap combined with CsA allows reducing the dose of CsA. But its main side effect is hyperlipidemia.

Objective To investigate the state of microchimerism after kidney transplantation, and to evaluate the relationship between microchimerism and long term survival of transplanted kidney. Methods Leukocytes were collected from peripheral blood of 70 female recipients having received kidneys from males for the identification of microchimerism by means of amplifying the single copied sex determine region Y gene (SRY) by nested PCR. Results Half to 10 years after renal transplantation, the positive percentage of microchimerism in 70 female patients was 58.6%(41/70). These 70 patients were categorized into three groups according to the duration after the transplantation: Group 1(n=25), 0.5 to 2 years; Group 2 (n=27), 2 to 5 years; and group 3 (n=18), over 5 years. The positive rates of microchimerism for three groups were 68%(17/25), 44.4%(11/27) and 72%(13/18), respectively. The positive rates in both group 1 and group 3 were significantly different compared with that in group 2 (P

Objective To investigate the phenotype,number and distribution of inflammatory cells in early and late stages of spontaneous regression of halo nevi,and to elucidate the immunological mechanisms for spontaneous regression of these nevi.Methods Halo nevi,their surrounding non-lesional skin,and normal control skin were examined by immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibodies to CD3,CD4,CD8,CD20,CD1a,CD56 and CD68.Staining results were observed and analyzed by the computer image analysis system,image-pro plus 6.0.Results The number of CD4+,CD8+,CD20+,CD1a+cells,along with the diameter of CD1a+and CD68+ cells was significantly increased in the lesions of early and late stage of spontaneous regression of halo nevi than in non-lesional skin and normal control skin(both P＜0.01).The ratio of CD8+/CD4+ cells in the lesions of late stage of spontaneous regression was also higher than that in the lesions of early stage (2.05∶1 VS 1.82∶1).A massive infiltrate of CD8+ cells was observed in the nests of nevus cells.ConclusionsCD4,CD8,CD20,CD1a,CD56 and CD68 positive cells are all involved in the spontaneous regression of halo nevi,and CD8+ cells may play a predominant role in this process.

Objective To summarize the clinical data of renal transplants survived with graft function more than 10 years and the adverse events during this period, and to discuss the main strategies for the long-term survival Methods Survival rate of renal transplants simultaneously survived with graft function > 10 years and grafts was counted respectively in total 1003 renal transplant recipients at our hospital before Dec. 31,1998 retrospectively. Their relevant survival,adverse events and initial post-operative immunosuppressive regimens were recorded simultaneously.Results As of Dec. 31, 2008, the 10-year survival rate of recipients was 62. 7% (629/1003), and recipients with graft function accounted for 85. 37 % (537/629). Of them, 94. 75 % (596/629) recipients received cyclosporine A (CsA) -based immunosuppression plus other antiproliferative immunosuppressive agents. Post-transplantation adverse events included coronary heart diseases in 57 cases (9. 06 %), liver damage in 32 cases (5. 09 %), malignancy in 29 cases (4. 61% ), diabetic mellitus in 25 cases (3. 97 %), apoplexy in 16 cases (2. 54 %), severe bone marrow depression in 14 cases (2. 23 %), femur head necrosis in 7 cases (1.11%), lower-extremity thrombosis in 3 cases (0. 48 %), sudden deafness in 2 cases (0. 32 %). There were 690 survival patients and 49 deaths including 19 (38. 78 %) due to cardiocerebral vascular accidents, 10 (20. 41%) due to malignancy, 9 (18. 37 %) due to hepatic failure, 4 (8. 16 %) due to infection, 3 (6. 12 %) due to treatment abandonment, 2 (4. 08 %) unknown reasons and 2 (4. 08 %) accidental deaths. Conclusion Long-term survival after renal transplantation is associated with the primary medication of CsA as the main immunosuppressive regimen. The non-immunologic factors such as the prevention and cure of cardioeerebral vascular diseases and the early finding of liver functional abnormality and tumor are the main points focused during follow-up.

Introduced in the paper is a success story of the Singapore National Eye Center (SNEC) and Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI) in medical care,research and education.Especially noteworthy are their initiatives in talent development,research and international cooperation,which are expected to be learnt by large eye care and research institutions in China in their discipline development,translational research and interdisciplinary talents development.

Objective To measure Ihe effect on rats spinal neuron flow according nerve roots repair time.Methods We adopted the experimental rats on the root avulsion and extravertebral foramen nerve root divison of C_(5～7).We divided them into four groupsin each which there were 16 ratsaccording the type of nerves root injury and repair timeGroup AC:the avulsed roots were reimplanted into the spinal cord and the transeeted roots were sutured to the proximal stump immediately.Group B,Dthe avulsed roots and the transected roots were reimplanted into the spinal cord or were sutured to the proximal stump in delayed 3 weeks each with 16 rats.At the different time point(3 weeks3 months6 months)through pathological examina- tion and immunohistological lechniques and nerve tracing techniqueswe examined the spinal cord and distal nerve trunk in order to observe the pathologic changes and axonal regeneration.Results Group A、C were much better than group B、D in the numberthe conformation and the degree of abatement of spinal motoneu- rons and nissl body.It is the same on the number and the development level of regenerating nerve fiber. Conclusion It had the advantage of neuronal protection and nerve regeneration that reparing the injured nerve roots earlv after nerve roots injury.

AIM: To investigate the effect of problem - based learning ( PBL) used in the teaching of medical students'evidence-based medicine ( EBM) .
METHODS: Five classes ( total 147 students ) were randomly selected as experimental ( PBL ) group, at the same time, another 5 classes ( total 149 students ) were also randomly selected as control group, using traditional teaching method ( lecture-based learning, LBL ) in 2010 grade. The final examination scores of the experimental group were compared with control at the end of term. In addition, all students were interviewed using self -administered questionnaire to obtain their evaluation for PBL practice. SPSS13. 0 software was used for statistical analysis.
RESULTS: The homogeneity test in baseline survey showed that the basic characteristics between the two groups of students were no significant differences, and were comparable (P>0. 05). Final exam results showed that in addition to the scores of the EBM basic knowledge indicated no significant difference between two groups of students (P>0. 05), for the 5 steps of EBM procedure, namely, asking questions, finding the best evidence, evaluating the evidence, using and practicing the evidence, re - evaluating the evidence, and the total scores between the two groups, there were significant statistically differences (P<0. 05). The results to student learning evaluation showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0. 05) in aspects of better understanding classroom knowledge, improving language expression ability, and writing skill exercises. And other residual items had a significant difference ( P<0. 05), especially in aspects of improving enthusiasm for learning, self - study ability, improving learning efficiency, information analysis and utilization ability, team collaboration, and communication between teachers and students, however, there was a very significant difference (P<0. 001) between the two groups.
CONCLUSION: PBL teaching mode can effectively improve teaching effectiveness and the quality of EBM teaching, so the this teaching mode is worth further popularizing.

AIM: To investigate the cell cycle arrest ind uced by hypoxia, hypoxia inducible factor-1 and their possible mechanism in huma n ovarian cancer cell line SW626. METHODS: CoCl 2, a chemical inducer of hypoxia and hypoxic cell culture chamber were used to induce chemical and physical hypoxia in human ovar ian cancer cell line SW626. The method of ‘decoy’ was used to block the functi on of HIF-1? because it acts as the core sequence of the target gene as a compe titor combined to the HIF-1?. The cells were divided into group A1 (normal oxyg en), A2 (normal oxygen plus HIF-1? decoy), B1 (CoCl 2), B2 (CoCl 2 plus HIF-1 ? decoy), C1 (hypoxia) and C2 (hypoxia plus HIF-1?). The expression of the HIF -1? protein, mRNA and cell cycle analysis were detected by Western blotting, RT -PCR and flow cytometry (FCM). RESULTS: The expression level of HIF-1? protein in group B1 (3 .75?1.31) and group C1 (3.48?1.01) was significantly higher than that in g roup A1 (0.97?0.31) (P0.05). FCM showed that the G 0/ G 1 phase was markedly increased in group B1 (81.78?24.33) and group C1 (77 .62?22.76) and was significantly higher than that in group A1 (49.49?18.54 ) (P0.05). CONCLUSION: Both CoCl 2 and physical hypoxia could distinctly i nduce cell cycle arrest in G 0/G 1 phase and the expression of HIF-1? in huma n ovarian cancer cell line SW626. HIF-1? plays an important role in cell cycle arrest induced by hypoxia in human ovarian cancer cell line SW626.