This paper reviews the currently research on competency of practitioners in the field of nutrition and food hygiene at home and abroad. Through literature review, it's found that the there are few researches on competency in China at present. Furthermore, compared with foreign countries, there are several issues in China, such as the methods and index system setting. However, due to different national conditions, there are significant differences in the demand for nutrition and food hygiene practitioners, related disciplines and characteristics between China and abroad. Therefore, when drawing lessons from foreign models, we should appropriately make adjustments according to China's national conditions. This review will provide references for further research on establishing a set of scientific and standardized competency evaluation indexes for practitioners in the field of nutrition and food hygiene with Chinese characteristics.

Objective To investigate the state of microchimerism after kidney transplantation, and to evaluate the relationship between microchimerism and long term survival of transplanted kidney. Methods Leukocytes were collected from peripheral blood of 70 female recipients having received kidneys from males for the identification of microchimerism by means of amplifying the single copied sex determine region Y gene (SRY) by nested PCR. Results Half to 10 years after renal transplantation, the positive percentage of microchimerism in 70 female patients was 58.6%(41/70). These 70 patients were categorized into three groups according to the duration after the transplantation: Group 1(n=25), 0.5 to 2 years; Group 2 (n=27), 2 to 5 years; and group 3 (n=18), over 5 years. The positive rates of microchimerism for three groups were 68%(17/25), 44.4%(11/27) and 72%(13/18), respectively. The positive rates in both group 1 and group 3 were significantly different compared with that in group 2 (P

Objective To observe the effects and safety of rapamycin (Rap) in combination with cyclosporine A (CsA) and steroid (Pred) as triple regimen for prevention of acute rejection after renal transplantation.Methods Fifty patients with de novo cadaveric kidney allograft were randomized into two groups. In the study group there were 30 patients treated with Rap, CsA, and Pred, while in the control group there were 20 patients with conventional triple therapy of azathioprine (Aza), CsA, and Pred. Same dosages of CsA and Pred were used in both groups. Any adverse event after treatment was observed and recorded in detail. The laboratory investigations were checked and analyzed periodically.Results The pre-protocol population included 26 patients in study group and 18 patients in control group. The 2-year patient and graft survival rates in both groups were 100 %. The incidence of acute rejection was 3.7 % (1/27) in study group, 25 % (5/20) in control group, respectively. All episodes of acute rejection were reversed by methylprednisolone. The trough levels of CsA kept same in both groups, but CsA dose in study group was lower than that in control group. Blood concentrations of total cholesterol and triglyceride in study group were higher than those in control group. Conclusion Rap is an effective and safe immunosuppressive drug for prevention of acute rejection after renal transplantation. Rap combined with CsA allows reducing the dose of CsA. But its main side effect is hyperlipidemia.

Objective To investigate the relationship between edema and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) within traumatic penumbra (TP) of rats with brain trauma.Methods Eighty-eight healthy adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group (n =11) and trauma group (n =77),according to the random number table.Trauma group were further subdivided into seven time points (1 h,6 h,12 h,24 h,48 h,72 h and 7 d) of 11 animals each.Brain tissue samples from the moderate brain models were collected to evaluate brain edema with histological observation,blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability with semiquantitative immunohistohemical staining of IgG,and AQP4 expression with immunofluorescence and Western blotting.Results In control group pathology and IgG staining revealed no abnormalities and expression of AQP4 was few.In trauma group light edema zone was visualized at 1 h,began widening,reached the peak at 12 h [(1.589 ±0.020)mm],and then began narrowing.There were significances in width of the edematous band at each time point except for the comparison at 24 h vs.48 h and 72 h vs.7 d (P ＜ 0.05).After trauma,vasogenic edema was found in edema zone at 1 h,intracellular edema was found at 6 h,both aggravated at 12 h and alleviated slightly at 24 h,and intracellular edema predominated at 48 h.IgG showed intensively positive staining at 1,12 and 48 h,and weak staining at 6 h,24 h,72 h and 7 d.After trauma,expression of AQP4 decreased at 1 h (0.659 ± 0.021),returned slightly at 6 h (1.257 ±0.058),peaked at 12 h (2.499 ±0.136),declined again at 24 h (2.267 ± 0.068),re-raised at 72 h (2.078 ± 0.065),and returned to the baseline at 7 d (1.280 ± 0.065).There were significant differences in level of AQP4 at each time point except for the comparison at6h vs.7 d,24 h vs.72 h and 24 h vs.72 h (P＜0.05).Conclusions In the early phase vasogenic edema characterized by BBB damage is significant within TP,which leads to decreased expression of AQP4.However,the subsequent up-regulation of AQP4 results in intracellular edema,which accelerate the spreading of TP.AQP4 may involve in body's defense reaction.

Objective To investigate the phenotype,number and distribution of inflammatory cells in early and late stages of spontaneous regression of halo nevi,and to elucidate the immunological mechanisms for spontaneous regression of these nevi.Methods Halo nevi,their surrounding non-lesional skin,and normal control skin were examined by immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibodies to CD3,CD4,CD8,CD20,CD1a,CD56 and CD68.Staining results were observed and analyzed by the computer image analysis system,image-pro plus 6.0.Results The number of CD4+,CD8+,CD20+,CD1a+cells,along with the diameter of CD1a+and CD68+ cells was significantly increased in the lesions of early and late stage of spontaneous regression of halo nevi than in non-lesional skin and normal control skin(both P＜0.01).The ratio of CD8+/CD4+ cells in the lesions of late stage of spontaneous regression was also higher than that in the lesions of early stage (2.05∶1 VS 1.82∶1).A massive infiltrate of CD8+ cells was observed in the nests of nevus cells.ConclusionsCD4,CD8,CD20,CD1a,CD56 and CD68 positive cells are all involved in the spontaneous regression of halo nevi,and CD8+ cells may play a predominant role in this process.

Objective To summarize the clinical data of renal transplants survived with graft function more than 10 years and the adverse events during this period, and to discuss the main strategies for the long-term survival Methods Survival rate of renal transplants simultaneously survived with graft function > 10 years and grafts was counted respectively in total 1003 renal transplant recipients at our hospital before Dec. 31,1998 retrospectively. Their relevant survival,adverse events and initial post-operative immunosuppressive regimens were recorded simultaneously.Results As of Dec. 31, 2008, the 10-year survival rate of recipients was 62. 7% (629/1003), and recipients with graft function accounted for 85. 37 % (537/629). Of them, 94. 75 % (596/629) recipients received cyclosporine A (CsA) -based immunosuppression plus other antiproliferative immunosuppressive agents. Post-transplantation adverse events included coronary heart diseases in 57 cases (9. 06 %), liver damage in 32 cases (5. 09 %), malignancy in 29 cases (4. 61% ), diabetic mellitus in 25 cases (3. 97 %), apoplexy in 16 cases (2. 54 %), severe bone marrow depression in 14 cases (2. 23 %), femur head necrosis in 7 cases (1.11%), lower-extremity thrombosis in 3 cases (0. 48 %), sudden deafness in 2 cases (0. 32 %). There were 690 survival patients and 49 deaths including 19 (38. 78 %) due to cardiocerebral vascular accidents, 10 (20. 41%) due to malignancy, 9 (18. 37 %) due to hepatic failure, 4 (8. 16 %) due to infection, 3 (6. 12 %) due to treatment abandonment, 2 (4. 08 %) unknown reasons and 2 (4. 08 %) accidental deaths. Conclusion Long-term survival after renal transplantation is associated with the primary medication of CsA as the main immunosuppressive regimen. The non-immunologic factors such as the prevention and cure of cardioeerebral vascular diseases and the early finding of liver functional abnormality and tumor are the main points focused during follow-up.

Objectlve To investigate the inhibition of Coxsackievirus B3(CVB3)infection in cardiac myocytes cultured by small interfering RNA(siRNA)-mediated RNA interference and to evaluate the feasibility of siRNA as the prophylaxis and therapy for CVB3 infection.Methods Cardiac myocytes were prepared in vitro and infected with CVB3,and transfected with siRNA by lipofectamin and electroporation.The numbers of beating cardiac myocytes were counted under the microscope.Neutral red staining was used to evaluate the mortality of cardiac myocytes.Antiviral activities of these siRNAs were estimated by observing cytopathic effect(CPE),plaque reduction assay,Western blot assay and RT-PCR.Results siRNA-3753,which aimed at sequence in 2B section of CVB3 genome,displayed a stronger inhibition of CVB3 infection through screening in HeLa cells,siRNA-3753,chosen to transfect cultured neonatal mice cardiac myocytes,Wag observed to keep a good states of growing and beating at 24 h after CVB3 infection.Whereas the cytopathic signature of controlled cells became stopping beating,round and finally the cell fell off the culture plate.The results showed that siRNA-3753 could protect cells significantly,98.1%inhibition of CVB3 replication with electroporation transfection and 78.2%inhibition of CVB3 with liposome transfection.Transfection efficiencies were 56.0 3%and 9.0%by electroporation and lipofectamin,respectively.Conclusion siRNA,which aims at sequence in 2B section of CVB3 genome,can inhibit CVB3 infection in cultured cardiac myocytes.

Objective To investigate the effects of Dihuang Yinzi (DY) on the receptor for advanced glycation end-products(RAGE)/reactive oxygen species(ROS)/apoptosis pathway in SH-SY5Y cells induced by amyloid-beta1-42 (Aβ1-42) oligomer. Methods Firstly, we adopted methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium(MTT) method to detect the cell vitality in fetal bovine serum (FBS) group, blank serum group, and low-, middle- and high- dose DY-containing serum groups, so as to confirm the optimal concentration and treatment time of DY-containing serum. Secondly, we applied MTT method to detect cell vitality and applied Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining method to observe the apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells treated with 0~20 μmol/L Aβ1-42 for 24 and 48 h, so as toconfirm the optimal concentration and treatment time of Aβ1-42 for establishing Alzheimer's disease (AD) model in vitro. Thirdly, MTT method was used for the detection of cell vitality, and Annexin V/PI staining method was used for detection of the apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells in blank serum group, model group, western medicine control group and low-, middle-and high-dose DY-containing serum groups, and Dihydroethidium (DHE) method was used for the assay of ROS contents, so as to observe the effect of DY on the recovery of injured SH-SY5Y cells induced by Aβ1-42. Finally, we applied Western blot method to detect the expression level of RAGE in SH-SY5Y cells of blank group, model group and DY-containing serum group; after Aβ1-42-induced SH-SY5Y cells were transfected with RAGE gene, we adopted DHE staining method and Annexin V/PI staining method to detect ROS content and cell apoptotic rate in all of the above groups, so as to observe the effect of DY on SH-SY5Y cell apoptosis and RAGE expression. Results The cell vitalities were increased in low- and middle-dose DY-containing serum groups at 24 h (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01 compared with that in the blank serum group). The conditions for the establishment of AD model in vitro were as follows: the optimal concentration of Aβ1-42 was 5μmol/L, and the treatment time was 24 h. The cell vitalities were significantly enhanced, the cell apoptotic rate and ROS content were significantly lowered in Aβ1-42-induced SH-SY5Y cells of the medication groups(P <0.05 or P < 0.01 compared with those in the model group) , and the cell vitality was the highest and the cell apoptotic rate was the lowest in the middle-dose DY-containing serum group. The RAGE expression level was decreased in Aβ1-42-induced SH-SY5Y cells of the middle-dose DY-containing serum group(P < 0.05 compared with that in the model group) . ROS content and cell apoptotic rate were decreased in Aβ1-42-induced SH-SY5Y cells transfected with RAGE gene in the middle-dose DY-containing serum group (P<0.01). Conclusion DY may play an anti-oxidative role through inhibiting the production of ROS and cell apoptosis, thus to suppress RAGE protein and to achieve the preventive and therapeutic effect for AD.

Introduced in the paper is a success story of the Singapore National Eye Center (SNEC) and Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI) in medical care,research and education.Especially noteworthy are their initiatives in talent development,research and international cooperation,which are expected to be learnt by large eye care and research institutions in China in their discipline development,translational research and interdisciplinary talents development.

Objective:To analyze the characteristics of adults (non-pregnant women) infected with Listeria monocytogenes and to provide evidence for diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Methods:Patients admitted in West China Hospital of Sichuan University between January 2008 and April 2020 with Listeriadisease were enrolled in this study. The clinical data of patients including age, symptoms, underlying diseases and prognosis, as well as the laboratory results of WBC, neutrophil ratio (N%), procalcitonin (PCT), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP), were obtained for analyzing the clinical infection and prognosis characteristics of the patients. Results:A total of 57 patients were included, patients were 18-83 (52.8±15.9) years old, percent of over 60 years old patients accounted for 35.09% (20/57). The incidence rate in summer season was the highest (45.61%, 26/57). There were 48 cases with comorbidities, sepsis occurred in 31 cases and meningitis in 18 cases. The time of diagnosis of Listeriosis was (6.1±2.9) days. After diagnosis, the target therapy was applied: such as carbapenem (26.32%, 15/57) and penicillins (22.81%, 13/57). The levels of WBC (6.77 [2.99, 9.54]×10 9/L vs 10.23 [6.71, 16.55]×10 9/L), NLR (3.07 [1.66, 8.16] vs 11.26 [5.66, 20.08]) and CRP (40.7 [16.9, 91.9] g/L vs 92.8 [59.9, 142.7] g/L) were significantly lower after treatment than those before treatment in 47 hospitalized patients (all P<0.05). Thirty-eight patients were treated according to the guidelines, 33 cases improved, 2 cases had poor prognosis and 2 cases died. Conclusion:The main risk factors of Listeria monocytogenes infection in adults (non-pregnant women) are underlying diseases, especially autoimmune diseases and pulmonary infections. Penicillins can be used as the first choice for empirical therapy. Carbapenems and erythromycin serve as the combination medications during the full course of treatment.