PURPOSE: To compare the corneal higher-order aberrations (HOAs) of normal young subjects using Galilei(TM) G4 (Zeimer, Port, Switzerland) and Pentacam(R) (Oculus Inc., Wetzlar, Germany). METHODS: Corneal HOAs were measured using Galilei(TM) G4 and Pentacam(R) in 41 healthy individuals (41 eyes). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were obtained to evaluate the repeatability of the 2 devices. Differences in HOAs between the 2 instruments were analyzed with a paired t-test and correlations evaluated. RESULTS: All ICCs measured using Galilei(TM) G4 and Pentacam(R) showed more than moderate repeatability (>0.81) except trefoil, tetrafoil, 4th and 5th HOAs. When comparing the measurements obtained with Galilei(TM) G4 and Pentacam(R), total HOAs, spherical aberration (SA), secondary astigmatism and 5th total HOAs were statistically significantly different between the 2 device (all p < or = 0.001). In addition, Galilei(TM) G4 and Pentacam(R) showed discrepancy among all corneal HOAs items. Although the total corneal HOAs and the SA were significantly correlated, other HOA measurements generally exhibited a low correlation. CONCLUSIONS: Corneal HOAs obtained by the 2 instruments cannot be used interchangeably due to their differences and discrepancy although corneal HOAs measured using Galilei(TM) G4 and Pentacam(R) showed relatively high repeatability.
Astigmatism ; Lotus

PURPOSE: To compare ocular higher order aberrations measured by two different aberrometers in a sample of normal eyes. METHODS: We included 41 normal eyes of Koreans in this study. Ocular aberration data were obtained through three measurements per eye using Zywave and OPD-Scan devices. Spherical equivalent and higher order aberrations calculated in the central 6 mm zone and expressed as root mean square (RMS) values were analyzed. RESULTS: A comparison of measurements between the Zywave and OPD-Scan devices demonstrated no statistically significant differences in the RMS values of total higher order aberration (p=0.11), but significant differences were detected in the RMS values of total spherical aberration, total coma and total trefoil (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The two different aberrometers that we tested are suitable for taking repeated measurements and are internally consistent, but not interchangeable.
Coma ; Eye ; Lotus

Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Nymphaeaceae) is commonly called lotus and its leaves are widely been used as functional ingredients due to its antioxidant activity. For maximum efficacy, optimized extraction condition was established using response surface methodology. The high F-values, low p-values and insignificant p-value for lack-of-fit supported the fitness of the model and yielded the second-order polynomial regression for the antioxidant activity. The optimized extract was obtained by the extraction of 1 g of lotus leaves with 40 mL of 50% MeOH at 10.0℃, which exerted 70.1% antioxidant activity. Close correlation between phenolic content and antioxidant activity suggested phenolic compounds as active constituents of lotus leaves. In addition, comparison of different parts of lotus demonstrated the most potent antioxidant activity of flowers, followed by leaves and roots. Taken together, these results provide useful information about lotus leaves for the development as antioxidant ingredients. In addition, flowers and roots as well as leaves are suggested as good sources for antioxidant activity.
Flowers ; Lotus ; Nelumbo ; Phenol

PURPOSE: To investigate the types of corneal higher-order aberration (HOA) induced by pterygium, residual corneal HOA after pterygium surgery, and correlations between corneal HOA and the length of the pterygium. METHODS: Fifty-three patients who underwent pterygium excision with conjunctival autograft were enrolled. Corneal HOA was measured by Pentacam® (Oculus Inc., Wetzlar, Germany) preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively in the 6-mm optical zone. Preoperative and postoperative HOAs of eyes with pterygium were compared with HOAs of the fellow eye to evaluate HOAs induced by pterygium and residual HOAs after pterygium surgery. Partial correlation analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between HOAs and the length of pterygium. A postoperative HOA less than 0.35 µm in size was defined as a favorable surgical outcome and the surgical indications were estimated using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS: Horizontal coma, root mean square (RMS) of coma, oblique trefoil, horizontal trefoil, RMS of trefoil, and total HOA were significantly greater in the eye with preoperative pterygium. Three months after pterygium excision, only RMS of coma and total HOA remained significantly greater in eyes with pterygium. Vertical coma, horizontal coma, RMS of coma, and oblique tetrafoil were correlated with pterygium length. Pterygium excision when pterygium length was less than 1.6 mm led to favorable surgical outcomes. CONCLUSION: Pterygium induced greater than third-order corneal HOAs and these HOAs were corrected via pterygium surgery. Longer pterygium length was associated with larger RMS of coma and larger coma RMS persisted after pterygium surgery. A pterygium length of 1.6 mm should be considered the cutoff for pterygium excision for reducing postoperative corneal HOA.
Autografts ; Coma ; Humans ; Lotus ; Pterygium*

PURPOSE: To report the correlation among the amount of myopic correction, axial length elongation, and higher order aberrations after treatment with orthokeratology lenses in myopic patients. METHODS: Eighteen patients (36 eyes) treated with orthokeratology lenses for more than 12 months were recruited for this study. Visual acuity, spherical equivalent, axial length, and higher order aberrations were measured at baseline and 1, 6, and 12 months after wearing lenses. Correlations among them were analyzed. RESULTS: Total higher order, spherical, vertical and horizontal coma aberrations were significantly increased from 0.85 ± 1.47, −0.22 ± 0.40, 0.40 ± 0.47, 0.22 ± 0.31 to 1.11 ± 0.72, 0.10 ± 0.38, 0.79 ± 0.63, 0.66 ± 1.29 after 1 month repectively (p < 0.05), but root mean square (RMS) total and trefoil aberrations were not (p > 0.05), remaining up to 12 months.Total and corneal spherical aberrations were positively correlated to the amount of myopic correction (p = 0.001 and p = 0.028, repectively) and negatively to the amount of axial length elongation (p = 0.036 and p = 0.079, repectively). Uncorrected visual acuity and spherical equivalent were significantly improved from 0.52 ± 0.08 and −2.41 ± 0.36 to 0.07 ± 0.07 and −0.84 ± 0.32 after 1 month respectively. This improvement was maintained up to 12 months (p = 0.002 and p = 0.001, respectively). Axial length was continuously increased from 24.31 ± 0.53 mm to 24.91 ± 0.60 mm after 12 months, but showed no significant changes (p = 0.721). CONCLUSIONS: Although orthokeratology lenses were effective for the correction of myopia, they increased higher order aberrations depending on the amount of myopic correction. Physicians should consider higher order aberrations. Further studies regarding the relationship between axial length elongation and higher order aberrations to retard myopic progression should be conducted.
Coma ; Humans ; Lotus ; Myopia ; Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: To report the correlation among the amount of myopic correction, axial length elongation, and higher order aberrations after treatment with orthokeratology lenses in myopic patients. METHODS: Eighteen patients (36 eyes) treated with orthokeratology lenses for more than 12 months were recruited for this study. Visual acuity, spherical equivalent, axial length, and higher order aberrations were measured at baseline and 1, 6, and 12 months after wearing lenses. Correlations among them were analyzed. RESULTS: Total higher order, spherical, vertical and horizontal coma aberrations were significantly increased from 0.85 ± 1.47, −0.22 ± 0.40, 0.40 ± 0.47, 0.22 ± 0.31 to 1.11 ± 0.72, 0.10 ± 0.38, 0.79 ± 0.63, 0.66 ± 1.29 after 1 month repectively (p < 0.05), but root mean square (RMS) total and trefoil aberrations were not (p > 0.05), remaining up to 12 months.Total and corneal spherical aberrations were positively correlated to the amount of myopic correction (p = 0.001 and p = 0.028, repectively) and negatively to the amount of axial length elongation (p = 0.036 and p = 0.079, repectively). Uncorrected visual acuity and spherical equivalent were significantly improved from 0.52 ± 0.08 and −2.41 ± 0.36 to 0.07 ± 0.07 and −0.84 ± 0.32 after 1 month respectively. This improvement was maintained up to 12 months (p = 0.002 and p = 0.001, respectively). Axial length was continuously increased from 24.31 ± 0.53 mm to 24.91 ± 0.60 mm after 12 months, but showed no significant changes (p = 0.721). CONCLUSIONS: Although orthokeratology lenses were effective for the correction of myopia, they increased higher order aberrations depending on the amount of myopic correction. Physicians should consider higher order aberrations. Further studies regarding the relationship between axial length elongation and higher order aberrations to retard myopic progression should be conducted.
Coma ; Humans ; Lotus ; Myopia ; Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: To study theeffect of micro incision (1.8 mm) and small incision (2.2 mm and 2.8 mm) coaxial phacoemulsification on surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) and high-order aberrations (HOA) of anterior and posterior corneal surface. METHODS: The present randomized clinical study included 32 eyes having a 1.8-mm, 38 eyes having a 2.2-mm, and 30 eyes having a 2.8-mm corneal incision. SIAs were measured at 1 and 3 months postoperatively. HOAs included coma, trefoil, and spherical aberration. The coma-root mean square (RMS) and trefoil-RMS were evaluated at 1 month after the cataract operation. RESULTS: Surgically induced astigmatisms were 0.41 +/- 0.30 diopter (D) in the 1.8-mm incision group, 0.47 +/- 0.21 D in 2.2-mm group and 0.71 +/- 0.50 D in the 2.8-mm group. The SIA of the 1.8-mm group was smaller than the other groups (p = 0.002). There was no statistically significant difference in coma, spherical aberration of the corneal anterior surface and trefoil, or spherical aberration of the posterior surface among the 3 groups at 1 month after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Incision size contributes to postoperative corneal astigmatism. Phacoemulsification cataract surgery with less than 2.8-mm incision does not significantly influence the corneal aberrationsof anterior and posterior corneal surfaces.
Astigmatism ; Cataract ; Coma ; Eye ; Lotus ; Phacoemulsification

PURPOSE: To evaluate the changes in higher-order aberrations (HOAs) after implantation of an ICL (implantable contact lens). METHODS: Twenty-six eyes that had undergone ICL implantation between February 2008 and October 2009 were included. Ocular higher-order aberrations of all the eyes were measured using the Hartmann-Shack aberrometer (KR9000PW). Examinations were performed preoperatively, as well as one week, one month, and three months after ICL implantation. Changes in ocular total higher-order aberrations, total spherical aberration, coma aberration, trefoil aberration, and S3 and S4 calculated in the central 4-mm zone and expressed as root mean square (RMS) values were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 25.4 years, and the mean preoperative spherical equivalent was -6.40 diopters(D). The mean postoperative spherical equivalents were 0.00 +/- 0.13D, 0.03 +/- 0.21D, -0.013 +/- 0.12D at one week, one month,and three months, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in ocular higher-order aberration RMS,including spherical, coma, or trefoil aberration, at one week, one month, or three months postoperative or between preoperative and postoperative measurements. CONCLUSIONS: There is no significant change of ocular higher order aberration in the central 4-mm zone after ICL implantation.
Coma ; Eye ; Humans ; Lenses, Intraocular ; Lotus

PURPOSE: To compare high order aberrations (HOA) among pseudophakic eyes with three different types of acrylic intraocular lenses (IOLs) and phakic eyes. METHODS: The ocular aberrations were measured within the central 4 mm pupil zone, using the Hartmann-Shack aberrometer in the eyes with acrylic IOLs, such as Acrysof(R) MA60BM, Acrysof(R) SA60AT, or Sensar(R) AR40e, at one month after uneventful cataract surgery and in the phakic eyes. Total HOA root-mean-square (RMS) value, coma, trefoil, and spherical aberration were compared among the groups. RESULTS: A total 49 pseudophakic and 18 phakic eyes were enrolled. Of the acrylic IOLs, Acrysof(R) MA60BMs (Alcon) were inserted in 16 eyes, Acrysof(R) SA60ATs (Alcon) in 16 eyes, Sensar(R) AR40es (Allergan Surgical) in 17 eyes. The average ages and pupil diameters among the four groups were not different (p=0.413, 0.797, respectively). The RMS values of total HOA, coma, and trefoil were not different among the groups (p=0.781, 0.370, 0.509, respectively), whereas the spherical aberration was significantly different among the four groups (p=0.033, Kruskal-Wallis test). There was no difference in the spherical aberration of the three acrylic IOL groups, but eyes with Acrysof(R) MA60BMs, Acrysof(R) SA60ATs had a larger spherical aberration than phakic eyes (p=0.040, 0.021, respectively, Mann-Whitney U test). CONCLUSIONS: There were no statistically significant differences in total HOA, coma, and trefoil among pseudophakias implanted with three different acrylic IOLs and phakic eyes. There was no difference in spherical aberration between the different IOL groups, but eyes with some acrylic IOLs had a larger spherical aberration than phakic eyes.
Cataract ; Coma ; Lenses, Intraocular* ; Lotus ; Pseudophakia ; Pupil

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of pterygium size on the change of corneal astigmatism and corneal higher-order aberrations (HOAs) after surgery. METHODS: Fifty eyes of 46 patients who underwent pterygium surgery were included in the present study and divided into 2 groups according to pterygium size (small group: size < or = 2.0 mm, large group: size > 2.0 mm). Corneal HOAs using wavefront aberrometer (KR-1W(R)) and corneal astigmatism using topography (Orbscan II(R)) were evaluated before surgery and their changes monitored after surgery at postoperative 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months. RESULTS: The small group was comprised of 16 eyes and 34 eyes were included in the large group. In the small group, uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best corrected visual acuity (BVCA), and spherical equivalent (SE) were not statistically significantly different after surgery at postoperative 3 months. In the large group, BVCA was not statistically significantly different, but UCVA increase and SE decrease were statistically significant after surgery at postoperative 3 months. Preoperative simulated keratometric (Sim K) astigmatism and corneal HOAs increase were statistically significant according to the pterygium size. Preoperative corneal HOAs of the large group were significantly higher than the small group except for spherical aberration in the central 4 mm optical zone (p = 0.501). In the small group, there was no statistically significant difference in corneal HOAs before and after surgery. In the large group, corneal total HOAs, trefoil and coma in the central 4 mm and 6 mm zone were statistically significantly decreased at postoperative 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months, respectively (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The corneal HOAs and the corneal astigmatism were increased according to pterygium size. In cases with pterygium greater than 2.0 mm in size, the corneal HOAs and the corneal astigmatism were decreased after pterygium surgery which can improve visual acuity and quality. Therefore, the pterygium size can be a useful factor in deciding when to perform pterygium surgery.
Astigmatism ; Coma ; Humans ; Lotus ; Pterygium* ; Visual Acuity