PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway as a T cell immune response co-stimulatory signaling pathway plays an important role in adaptive immunity. PD-1 is a major co-receptor expressing on T cells, binding with its ligands(PD-L1 and PD-L2), PD-1 can inhibit T cell activation and protect the body against the attacks from its own immune system. In addition to adjusting and maintaining autoimmune tolerance, in tumor cells PD-L1 expression is up-regulated, while in the virus-infected T cells PD-L1 expression is also upregulated. PD-1 / PD-L1 are involved in the tumor and infectious pathogen immune evasion, thus blocking the PD-1 / PD-L1 signaling pathway has become a hot research of cancer and chronic diseases. Currently, there are several anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies approved by the FDA to enter clinical studies, which have shown significant anti-cancer effect.

Objective To investigate the CT features of mesenteric lymph nodes in patients with active Crohn’s disease.Methods The CT findings in 54 patients with active Crohn's disease proved by histology were analyzed,and the anatomic distribution,size, number,shape and enhancement ratio (ER)of the mesenteric lymph node were assessed.Results Mesenteric lymphadenopathy in 38 patients (70.4%)was found with a total number of 242,83.5%(202/242)of whom were located at the mesenteric root and 16.5%(40/242) at mesenteric edge.The size of the lymph nodes at the mesenteric root was larger than that at the mesenteric edge (8.57 mm±2.26 mm versus 5.38 mm±0.1 9 mm,the mean maximum short diameter),and 73.6% (1 78/242 )of the lymph nodes were oval in shape.The lymph nodes showed significant enhancement after contrast injection with an ER of 0.53 ±0.09.Conclusion Active CD often leads to mesenteric lymphadenopathy,which is more obvious at the mesenteric root.

Purpose To assess the diagnostic value of 18F-FLT and 18F-FDG PET/CT scan in patients with lung cancer. Materials and Methods Computer-based retrieval was performed on Medline, PubMed, EMbase, Wanfang data, CNKI and the Cochrane Library to search reports on diagnostic value of lung cancer with 18F-FLT and 18F-FDG PET/CT scan. The quality of included studies was evaluated according to quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies (QUADAS), and MetaDisc software was adopted to conduct meta-analysis. The pooled specificity, sensitivity, and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were calculated. The heterogeneity was tested. The summary receiving operating characteristic (SROC) curve was drawn, and the areas under the curve (AUC) as well as Q* were measured. Results Ten studies were included. Meta-analysis showed pooled sensitivity was 0.88, pooled specificity was 0.56, DOR was 9.10, AUC was 0.8102, Q*was 0.7448 for FDG group;pooled sensitivity was 0.79, pooled specificity was 0.78, DOR was 12.50, AUC was 0.8440, Q*was 0.7756 for FLT group. Conclusion Both 18F-FDG and 18F-FLT have well diagnostic value for lung cancer, but the specificity of 18F-FLT is higher than that of 18F-FDG in the diagnosis of lung cancer.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the application of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation in formulation screening. METH-ODS:Taking Compound paracetamol and chlorphenamine maleate granules as model drug,based on single factor experiment,L9(34) orthogonal test was used to screen the formulation with the amount of aspartame,hawthorn powder essence,milk powder essence and saccharose as factors,using dissolution rate of caffeine as index. The granules prepared by 9 kinds of formulation in orthogonal test were evaluated with fuzzy comprehensive evaluation in terms of taste,aroma,color and dissolubility. The optimized formula-tion was validated and compared with original formulation. RESULTS:The formulation 5 was the optimal choice in both orthogo-nal test and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation,and obtained same results. Compared with sensory comprehensive score (63.12) and dissolution rate of caffeine (91.3%) in original formulation,two indicators of optimized formulation in 3 tests were 84.00 and 99.07% in average (RSD<2.0%,n=3). CONCLUSIONS:Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation can be used for the formulation screening of sensory evaluation index. It is scientific and accurate.

Objective To investigate the protection effects and possible mechanism of apoptotic effect of compound Xiancao granules on renal ischemia reperfusion injury ( IRI ) in rats. Methods Renal IRI rat model was established by clipping bilateral renal artery.The rats were divided into model control group (n=10), compound Xiancao granules group (n=10) and sham operation group (n=10).All Serum creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were determined to evaluate kidney function after IRI.Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and malondialdehyde (MDA) activity in kidney were measured by colorimetric method. Expression of apoptotic regulatory genes Bcl-2 and Bax in renal tissue were detected by Western blotting.Renal tissue sections were stained by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and examined under a light microscope. Results SOD and GSH-PX levels of the compound Xiancao granules group (278.1±16.2),(155.96±20.58) U?mg-1 were significantly higher than those of the model control group (196.3±12.1),(109.34±17.81) U?mg-1 (P<0.05). MDA, BUN and Cr (12.49±1.07) nmol?mL-1,(8.9±2.7) mmol?L-1,(149.7±8.5) μmol?L-1 were significantly reduced in the compound Xiancao granules group as compared with those of the model control group (17.32±1.26) nmol?mL-1,(14.6± 3.3) mmol?L-1,(206.1±11.2) μmol?L-1(P<0.05).Bax and Bcl-2 mRNA expression levels of sham operation group were significantly lower, and the Bax and Bcl-2 mRNA expression levels of model control group were significantly enhanced ( Bcl-2:P<0. 05, Bax: P<0. 01 ) . Bax mRNA expression level of compound Xiancao granules group was significantly decreased as compared with that of model control group ( P<0.05) , but Bcl-2 mRNA expression level of compound Xiancao granules group was significantly enhanced as compared with that of model control group (P<0.01). Conclusion These results suggested that compound Xiancao granules has protection effect on renal IRI in rats. The mechanisms may be related to its antioxidant activity and expression of the apoptotic genes such as Bcl-2 and Bax.

Objective To investigate the impact of preoperative comorbidities on the abdominal complications after laparoscope-assisted total gastrectomy (LATG) for gastric cancer.Methods The retrospective casecontrol study was conducted.The clinical data of 1 657 gastric cancer patients who underwent LATG at the Fujian Medical University Union Hospital between January 2008 and December 2015 were collected.There were 175 patients with postoperative abdominal complications,including 78 without preoperative comorbidities and 97 with preoperative comorbidities (52 with 1 comorbidity,30 with 2 comorbidities and 15 with more than 3 comorbidities).Analysis method and observation indicators:(1) risk factors analysis of abdominal complications after LATG;(2) risk assessment of abdominal complications after LATG:independent influencing factors of risk factors analysis were expressed as dependent variables,alignment diagram was built and then consistency index was calculated;(3) comparisons of abdominal complications among the patients with different kinds of comorbidities after LATG;(4) multivariate analysis of abdominal complications in patients with comorbidities after LATG;(5)follow-up situations.Follow-up using outpatient examination and telephone interview was performed to detect postoperative survival of patients up to May 2016.The univariate analysis and multivariate analysis were respectively done using the chi-square test and Logistic regression model.The survival rate was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method.Results (1) Risk factors analysis of abdominal complications after LATG:results of univariate analysis showed that age,body mass index (BMI),number of preoperative comorbidities,operation time and estimated volume of intraoperative blood loss were related factors affecting abdominal complications of patients after LATG (X2 =4.487,16.602,10.361,4.567,7.482,P＜0.05).Results of multivariate analysis showed that BMI,number of preoperative comorbidities and estimated volume of intraoperative blood loss were independent factors affecting abdominal complications of patients after LATG [OR =1.966,1.204,1.423,95％confidence interval (CI):1.355-2.851,1.014-1.431,1.013-1.999,P＜0.05].(2) Risk assessment of abdominal complications after LATG:BMI,number of preoperative comorbidities and estimated volume of intraoperative blood loss were expressed as dependent variables,and the alignment diagram on risk prediction of abdominal complications after LATG was built,with a consistency index of 0.703.(3) Comparisons of abdominal complications among the patients with different kinds of comorbidities after LATG:numbers of patients without comorbidity,with 1 comorbidity,2 comorbidities and ≥3 comorbidities were detected in 21,8,13,3 patients with intra-abdominal infection and 13,10,9,5 patients with anastomotic leakage and 6,3,6,2 patients with intra-abdominal bleeding,respectively,with statistically significant differences (X2 =10.677,10.436,9.245,P＜0.05).(4) Multivariate analysis of abdominal complications in patients with comorbidities after LATG:BMI ≥25 kg/m2 and estimated volume of intraoperative blood loss ＞ 82 mL were independent risk factors affecting abdominal complications of patients with preoperative comorbidities after LATG (OR =2.104,1.771,95％ CI:1.307-3.387,1.146-2.738,P＜0.05).(5) Follow-up situations:of 1 657 patients,1 568 were followed up for 4-99 months,with a median time of 47 months.Ninety-seven patients with preoperative comorbidities undergoing LATG had postoperative abdominal complications and were followed up.During follow-up,5-year survival rate of patients was 58.1％,and 5-year survival rate of 97 patients with preoperative comorbidities undergoing LATG and with postoperative abdominal complications was 57.4％.Conclusion Preoperative comorbidities are independent factors affecting abdominal complications of patients after LATG.

In order to improve the resolution, contrast and frame rate of ultrasound imaging, it is necessary to design an adaptive beamforming method for plane wave ultrasound imaging. An optimized minimum variance algorithm that suits plane wave ultrasound imaging was proposed, based on the traditional minimum variance algorithm that combines with the subband beamforming as well as the forward-backward spatial smoothing method in the frequency domain. To verify the effectiveness of the improved algorithm, the matlab software was used. Simulation results showed that full width at half maximum and peak side-lobe level of Optimized MV, Conventional MV, DAS boxcar, and Linear scan methods were 0.08, 0.36, 0.92, 1.42 dB, and -41.1, - 37.3, -16.9, - 34.1 dB, respectively. The improved algorithm can significantly improve the image resolution and contrast, particularly applicable to plane wave ultrasound imaging, compared with the conventional minimum variance algorithm and traditional delay-and-sum method.
Algorithms ; Contrast Media ; Image Enhancement ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; methods ; Microbubbles ; Phantoms, Imaging ; Ultrasonography ; instrumentation ; methods

Aim With metabolomics method, to study Shen-Mai decoction’ s function on protecting the myo-cardial injured rats caused by doxorubicin for probing into the functioning mechanism of Shen-Mai decoction’ s medical effect. Methods By means of UPLC-TOF-MS, the metabolites of urine of the rats treated by Shen-Mai decoction were analyzed. Then, the differ-ences between each group of the metabolites were sought with PLS-DA ( the partial least square discrimi-nant analysis ) and OPLS-DA ( the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis ) . VIP ( variable importance in projection ) and t test were used to screen out potential biomarkers. Results Fourteen endogenous metabolites such as succinyladenosine, a-denosine 2′, 3′-cyclic phosphate, S-( 3-methylbu-tanoyl )-dihydrolipoamide-E, cis-4-hydroxycyclohexy-lacetic acid, phenylbutyrylglutamine, 3-butyn-1-al, 3-hydroxytetradecanedioic acid, dihydrolipoamide and pyruvic acid, etc. were characterized. Conclusions The results indicate that Shen-Mai decoction can pro-tect the body from myocardial injury by regulating pu-rine metabolism, some acid metabolism, fat metabo-lism and energy metabolism, etc. The study expounds the functioning mechanism for Shen-Mai decoction ’ s medical effect in the body and provides theoretical grounds for the rationality of the two medical herbs ’ compatibility and their combination in clinical treat-ment of diseases.

Objective: To investigate the potential relationship between sensory characteristics and gray matter volumes in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), to provide a basis for the diagnosis and treatment of children with ASD. Methods: A total of 40 ASD children who were treated or recovered in Xi an medical institutions and 16 typically developing (TD) children who were from several kindergatens in Xi an were invited for participation. Sensory characteristics were evaluated by the sensory processing and self regulation checklist, 3D structural brain images were obtained with TIWI, and gray matter volumes were analyzed by voxel based morphometry. Sensory characteristics and gray matter volumes were compared between groups and the relationship between sensory characteristics and different gray matter volumes were analyzed. Results: The scores of auditory, visual, tactile, sensory processing ability and sensory under responsivity in the ASD group were lower than those in the TD group ( Z/t =-2.63, -2.57 , -3.11, -2.19, -3.83, P <0.05). Gray matter volumes in nine brain regions increased in the ASD group compared to the TD group, including the left and right posterior inferior lobe, right parahippocamal gyrus, left insula, left media frontal gyrus, left superion occipital gyrus, right superion occipital gyrus, right superion parietal lobe, and right posterion central gyrus ( t =3.53, 3.69 , 3.37, 3.86, 3.61, 3.37, 4.04, 3.38, 3.16, P <0.01). In the ASD group, the scores of visual, vestibular, proprioceptive, sensory processing ability, sensory seeking behavior and sensory over responsivity were negatively correlated with gray matter volumes of left superior occipital gyrus ( r =-0.36, -0.40, -0.39, -0.36, -0.40, -0.36), and the scores of visual, vestibular, and sensory over responsivity were negatively correlated with gray matter volumes of the right superior parietal lobule ( r =-0.36, -0.50, -0.42)( P <0.05). Conclusion The presence of paresthesia in children with ASD is associated with gray matter volumes of the left superior occipital gyrus and right superior parietal lobule.

Objective To investigate the correlations of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) with fibrosis and fibroblast activation protein (FAP) score in pancreatic cancer .Methods Eighteen patients with pathologically confirmed pancreatic cancer were per‐formed conventional MR imaging ,DWI examinations .ADCs were measured with region of interest method on a “Single slice” .The wax blocks of 18 patients with pancreatic cancer were received Masson staining and FAP immunohistochemical staining .The correla‐tions of ADC with levels of fibrosis and FAP scores of pancreatic cancer were assessed by Pearson correlation analysis .Results The mild negative correlation between ADC value of cancerous foci and fibrosis was not significant (r= -0 .459 ,P=0 .056) .Significant negative correlation was found between ADC values of moderate and high differentiation cancerous foci and fibrosis (r= -0 .564 ,P=0 .044) .Significant negative correlation was found between ADC value and FAP score (r= -0 .497 , P=0 .036) .Conclusion The negative correlations are found between ADC and fibrosis ,FAP score of pancreatic cancer .DWI will be helpful to infer the pathologi‐cal characteristics .