No abstract available.
Aging* ; Longitudinal Studies*

OBJECTIVES: Previous observations propose that risk-taking behaviors such as cigarette smoking are prevailing among young people with chronic conditions including diabetes. The purpose of this study was to examine whether cigarette smoking is more prevalent among diabetics than non-diabetics and whether it differs by age at the time of diagnosis with diabetes from young adulthood (YAH) to adulthood (AH). METHODS: We used US panel data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health Study) during the years 2001 to 2002 (Wave III, YAH) and 2007 to 2008 (Wave IV, AH). Multivariate logistic regression models were applied to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of cigarette use behaviors according to age at the time of diagnosis with diabetes, after adjusting for demographic and selected behavioral factors. RESULTS: Of 12 175 study participants, 2.6% reported having been diagnosed with diabetes up to AH. Early-onset diabetics (age at diagnosis <13 years) were more likely than non-diabetics to report frequent cigarette smoking (smoking on > or =20 days during the previous 30 days) in YAH (OR, 3.34; 95% CI, 1.27 to 8.79). On the other hand, late-onset diabetics (age at diagnosis > or =13 years) were more likely than non-diabetics to report heavy cigarette smoking (smoking > or =10 cigarettes per day during the previous 30 days) in AH (OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.03 to 2.30). CONCLUSIONS: The current study indicated that diabetics are more likely than non-diabetics to smoke cigarettes frequently and heavily in YAH and AH. Effective smoking prevention and cessation programs uniquely focused on diabetics need to be designed and implemented.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Demography ; Diabetes Mellitus/diagnosis/*psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health ; Odds Ratio ; Sex Factors ; Smoking/*psychology/trends ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the association between cognitive decline and advancing age, and the potential effects of vascular risk factors on the associations. METHOD: 1134 old persons aged 65 or over was assessed by the Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-K) in 1999, and after two years 686 (61%) of the total subjects were reassessed with MMSE-K. Data on age and vascular risk factors (hypertension and diabetes) was obtained. RESULTS: Cognitive decline was significantly associated with advancing age. The stratified analyses showed that the association of cognitive decline with advancing age was significant for those with vascular risk factors, but not significant for the subjects without vascular risk factors. CONCLUSION: We suggest that the cognitive decline with advancing age might be delayed by appropriate management for the vascular risk factors.
Humans ; Longitudinal Studies* ; Risk Factors*

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify the directionality of the causal relationship and interaction between depression and amount of smoking over time in hardcore smokers using longitudinal descriptive analysis. METHODS: Secondary data from the Korean Welfare Panel Study were analyzed using autoregressive cross-lagged modeling. Participants included 342 hardcore smokers who participated in the 8th to 11th waves of the panel study. RESULTS: Analyses revealed that change(s) in depression levels according to time had a significant positive relationship with the total amount of smoking per day (β=.29, β=.19, β=.17, p < .001), while change(s) in total amount of smoking per day according to time had a significant positive relationship with depression (β=.43, β=.50, β=.38, p < .001). Analysis of the cross-lagged effect between depression and total amount of smoking per day showed that depression at one time point had a significantly positive relationship with the total amount of smoking per day at the next time point (β=.14, β=.13, β=.13, p=.021), and that the total amount of smoking per day at one time point had a significant positive relationship with depression at the next time point (β=.04, β=.04, β=.03, p=.044). CONCLUSION: The findings in the present study confirmed a cross-interaction between depression and total amount of smoking per day in hardcore smokers. The present findings could be used to develop appropriate smoking-related interventions.
Depression ; Longitudinal Studies ; Smoke ; Smoking

This investigation was undertaken to know how soft tissue facial profile could be changed with age. The 3 serial lateral cephalometric roentgenograms of the twenty nine boys and twenty six girls between 9 and 13 years of age were studied and the findings seemed to warrant the following conclusions. 1. The author made the tables of means, standard deviations in each item, sex, age. 2. Soft tissue facial angle, soft tissue facial convexity including the nose tended to increase, but others tended to remain relatively stable. 3. Facial soft tissue thickness increased with age and the growth of facial soft tissue in the middle region (point A, LS, LI) was greater than others in the facial region. 4. In the soft tissue vertical proportions, G1'-Sn/Sn-Me' was 1.1, Sn-St/St-Me' was 0.51:1, Sn-LI/LI-Me' was 0.82:1 and those were stable with age.
Female ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies* ; Nose

The purpose of this study was to analyze the growth changes of ODI and APDI with age on the three facial growth patterns. The biennial serial cephalometric radiographs of 19 male and 14 famale samples with normal occlusion during 10 years were used in this study. The samples were divided into three groups - drop type, neutral type, forward type - by the total change of the Y-axis during the periods of the study. The findings in this investigation indicated the following: 1. The mean values and standard deviations of each age group in each facial type of male and famale were obtained. 2. The difference of ODI and APDI among the 3 facial types was not significant through all observed ages(P>0.05). The size of ODI appeared large consistently in order of the drop, neutral, and forward type in both male and female through all observed ages. 3. The ODI and APDI were maintained without any changes with age during the periods of the study(P>0.05). 4. In correlation analysis between the total change of the Y-axis and 6 measurements, the AB plane angle and facial angle showed correlation in both male and female(P<0.05), the APDI in only female(P<0.001), but the ODI not appeared correlation in either male or female(P>0.05).
Female ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male

This study was undertaken in order to examine the effect of hardiness on future stress-related physical symptoms in the female students in a longitudinal design. The subjects who participated in this study were 97 female nursing students (in the analysis of data after 1 year). The instruments used for this study were a survey of general characteristics, stress (43 items), hardiness(25 items), and physical symptoms(35 items). Analysis of data was done by use of mean and hierarchical multiple regression with the SAS program. The results of this study were as follows. 1) Main effects of hardiness on future stress-related physical symptoms was found. 2) The stress buffering effects of hardiness were not found.
Female ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies* ; Nursing* ; Students, Nursing*

No abstract available.
Depression* ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies* ; Male* ; Smoke* ; Smoking*

No abstract available.
Aging* ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia* ; Longitudinal Studies* ; Male

No abstract available.
Aging* ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia* ; Longitudinal Studies* ; Male