The tumor microenvironment is a special environment including tumor cells,stromal cells and extracellular matrix.The notion that the tumor microenvironment is a necessary functional unit to support cancer progression,metastasis and recurrence has been accepted by more and more scholars.Studies have shown that exosomes may play a pivotal role in tumor progression that involved in cell-cell communication in the tumor microenvironment.Here,we summarize the recent publications on the characteristics of exosomes,its biological effects and the potential roles as an important part of the tumor microenvironment during tumor progression.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Carbon Monoxide Poisoning ; complications ; Female ; Humans ; Interleukins ; blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neurotoxicity Syndromes ; blood ; etiology

Objective To study changes of?-glutamyltransferase(GGT)and its isoenzyme in urine and renal cortex of rats with subacute cadmium exposure.Methods Sixty healthy SD male rats were chosen and divided randomly into control group,middle dose group and high dose group,which were orally dosed daily with feed containing0,5and10mg cadmium per kg for six weeks.The activities of GGT and its isoenzyme in urine and renal cortex of the rats were determined in the3rd and6th week respectively.Re sults During the whole experimental period,the body weights and kidney to body weight ratios of control group,middle dose group and high dose group showed no significant differences.The GGT activities of middle dose group and high dose group increased significantly with the prolongation of exposure to cadmium and the increase of cumulative exposure compared with those in the control group.Unusual bands of GGT isoenzyme in the urine and renal cortex homogenate were found in the3rd week and the incidence of unusual bands of GGT isoenzyme was100percent in the6th week in the cadmium-treated rats of middle dose group and high dose group.Con clusion The GGT activities and the unusual bands of GGT isoen-zymes in the urine and renal cortex could be used as sensitive indexes to identify the renal toxic effects induced by cadmium.

China ; Humans ; Industry ; statistics & numerical data ; Lead ; blood ; Occupational Exposure

After a description of the basic contents of Sichuan grass-root health information, health information systems at county level or below, and their roles and features, the key points of Sichuan grass-root health informa-tion construction program, progress and problems in Sichuan grass-root health information construction were stressed in discussion , with certain measures put forward for the solution of such problems .

Objective:To localize the impacted maxillary canine and to observe the root resorption of adjacent incisor in 3 dimen-sions using cone beam computed tomography(CBCT).Methods:92 impacted maxillary canines in 63 patients were scanned by CBCT.The three-dimensional images were obtained by multiplanar reconstructions(MPR).The cusp tip of each impacted canine was localized and set to the X,Y and Z planes after the observation of sagittal,coronal and axial views.The root resorption of adjacent in-cisors was observed.Results:In the X-axis,92% of impactions were mesial by 1 0.4 to 1 5.1 mm,8% distal by 2 to 5 mm;in the Z-axis,60% of impactions were palatal by 1 to 4 mm,40% buccal by 0 to 4 mm.41 .3% of the impacted canines were without root resorption of adjacent incisor,36.5% with slight,1 4.3% with moderate and 7.9% with severe root resorption of the adjacent inci-sor.Conclusion:The most frequent location of impacted maxillary canine is palatal and mesial with high incidence of root resorption of adjacent incisor.

Objective To discuss the effects of applying electric heating pattern instrument in experimental teaching of fixed partial denture technology.Methods Totally 98 prosthodontic undergraduates of 2008 and 2009 grades were selected in this study； 46 students of 2008 grade were taken as control group and 52 students of 2009 grade were taken as experimental group.Students in experimental group made wax patterns with electric heating pattern instruments to melt inlay wax while those in control group made wax patterns with instruments heated by alcohol lamps.Teaching effects were evaluated by experimental test scores and questionnaires.Results Test scores of experimental group were (22.6± 1.8),obviously higher than those of (22.6-± 1.8) in control group (P ＜ 0.05).Satisfaction degree of experimental group were increased significantly compared with that of control group based on the resuits of questionnaire.Conclusions Applying electric heating pattern instrument in making wax patterns in experimental teaching of fixed partial denture technology is easy to operate and can improve the quality of wax pattern and working efficiency as well as enhance students' confidence,therefore it is worthy further spreading.

Objective; To evaluate the efficacy of Twin-block appliance in Class Ⅱ division 1 of adolescents. Methods: Several e-lectronic databases (PubMed, The Cochrane library, Embase, CBMdisk, CNKI, VIP)were searched. Abstract that appears to fulfill the initial selection criteria were selected by consensus and original articles were retrieved. Five Chinese journals were hand searched for possible missing articles. Randomized controlled trials(RCTs) that evaluate the efficacy of Twin-block appliance in Class Ⅱ division I adolescents without any surgical intervention or syndromic characteristics were considered. A comparable untreated control group was required to factor out normal growth changes. The quality of included studies was evaluated according to Cochrane Reviewers Handbook 4.2.6 Meta-analysis was performed by using RevMan 5.0.0 software. Results: Four RCTs including 289 patients were identified. The results of our meta-analysis showed a significant increase on SNB angle, Ar-Gn, Nasolabial angle and Labial-mental fold compared with control group(P<0.05). Whereas overjet, overbite, ANB angle and Ls-E had a significant decrease. In addition, SNA angle and Li-E didnt show statistical significant changes(P>0. 05). Conclusion; In Class II division 1 of adolescents, Twin-block appliance can effectively decrease their overjet, overbite, ANB angle, and induce anterior-posterior growth of mandible. The effect on restrain forward growth of the maxilla was unclear. More RCTs are required to evaluate the efficacy of Twin-block appliance.

Objective To observe the clinical behaviors of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) for early diagnosis to improve the therapeutic efficacy Methods Eighty seven cases with different grades of CIN confirmed with colposcopy and pathological examination were reviewed for the clinical features and the results from colposcopy, pathology, testing for HPV (human papillomavirus) All patient were treated with various methods and followed up Results Most patients with CIN were in childbearing period and sought for medical advices because of increased leucorrhagia and/or bloody leucorrhea, postcoital bleeding for a comparatively long course Chronic cervicitis was often found in these patients Contact bleeding and HPV infection were common in patients with CINⅡand CIN Ⅲ Patients with CIN Ⅰ were regular followed up or treated with electrocautery, those with CIN Ⅱ were treated with conization or hysterectomy, and for those with CIN Ⅲ, hysterectomy was performed The outcomes of all patients were satisfactory after treatment Conclusion The most common sign for the patients with CIN is postcoital bleeding For correct diagnosis of CIN, colposcopy and together pathological examimotion is recommended High risk HPV detection is a good prognostic factor After treatment, the patients with different grades of CIN should be followed up regularly

Objective To estimate the acceptability of nurses for division of labor pattern in China.Methods A total of 1 609 nurses in 3 provinces were investigated by self-made questionnaires.The contents of questionnaires included assignment distribution,the acceptability of current division pattern,and whether current division pattern can arouse working enthusiasm of nurses.Results The proportion of those engaged in not only life nursing but also technical nursing was more than 40％,and those only engaged in life nursing was lower than 5％ in nurses with junior college,college or bachelor education degree.The nurses' acceptability of current division pattern of nursing work was poor,most fairly reasonable and very general.The improvement of working enthusiasm for division of labor pattern at present was also poor.The higher educational background except master,the lower improvement of working enthusiasm.Conclusions The poor nurses' acceptability of division of labor pattern was low and impacted working enthusiasm.It suggested to establish a scientific and reasonable division of labor pattern for improvement of nurse working enthusiasm,and promote the overall development of clinical nursing,nursing management,nursing education and nursing scientific research.