Aged ; Humans ; Inpatients ; psychology ; Loneliness ; Male ; Pneumoconiosis ; psychology

PURPOSE: This study was designed to construct a structural model explaining alienation, depression, and suicidal thoughts in male and female adolescents. METHOD: Data was collected by questionnairs from 204 male and 208 female students selected randomly in high schools in K city. RESULTS: This study found that depression was significantly affected by alienation, and was indirectly affected through alienation by school attachment, peer relationships, and academic performance. Suicidal thoughts were greatly affected by depression, and were directly and indirectly influenced by alienation. It was confirmed that alienation turned out to be a important mediating variable, while it had a effect significant on depression and suicidal thoughts. Also there were significant differences in affecting factors among male and female students. CONCLUSION: Intervention strategies for preventing alienation, depression and suicidal thoughts should be different according to gender. In addition, specific nursing intervention plans, including parent education and role training programs, fostering of humanistic and achievement-focused educational environment, peer support programs, and individual counselling, need to be developed and implemented to lessen a feeling of alienation from family and school.
Adolescent ; *Adolescent Psychology ; Depression/*psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Loneliness/*psychology ; Male ; *Models, Psychological ; Questionnaires ; Suicide/*psychology

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between internet addiction, smartphone addiction, and psychosocial factors. This study was designed to examine the vulnerability factors for internet and smartphone addiction. METHODS: The participants were 1041 children and adolescents in a small and medium-sized cities. All of the participants were evaluated in terms of their demographic characteristics and present use of the internet and smartphone, as well as using internet and smartphone addiction and other psychological scales. Statistical analyses were performed to compare the psychosocial factors between the high risk, potential risk, and general user groups of internet and smartphone addiction. RESULTS: The participants were classified into three groups, the high risk (N=33), potential risk (N=203), and general user (N=805) groups with regard to their internet and smartphone addiction level. There were statistical significantly differences between the groups in terms of the economic status of the family, academic performance, parents, use of internet and smartphone, loneliness, family cohesion, family adaptability, perceived social support, and peer relationship. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the internet and smartphone addiction of children and adolescents is related to various psychosocial vulnerability factors.
Adolescent* ; Child* ; Humans ; Internet* ; Loneliness ; Parents ; Psychology ; Smartphone* ; Weights and Measures

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to collect basic data on social support and acculturative stress in migrant workers. METHODS: Between August, 2007 and January, 2008 171 immigrant workers completed data collection using a questionnaire. Workers were recruited from 2 churches, one in Seoul and the other in Gyeonggi Province. Mean and standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients and Stepwise multiple regression were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The average score for social support was 3.73 (+/-0.65) and for acculturative stress, 2.52 (+/-0.65). There were significant differences acculturative stress according to gender (t=2.152, p=.033), kind of job (t=2.597, p=.040), and have community or not (t=2.899, p=.005). There was a significant negative correlation between social support and acculturative stress (r=-.270, p=.001). Factors influencing acculturative stress were existence of participants having a community of people from their home country or not (R2=.151, p=.002). CONCLUSION: More studies are needed to identify the variables that influence acculturative stress in immigrant workers.
*Acculturation ; Adult ; Aged ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Emigrants and Immigrants/*psychology ; Female ; Hostility ; Humans ; Loneliness ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Questionnaires ; *Social Support ; Stress, Psychological

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were 1) to compare the contribution of demographic-behavioral variables and psychological variables in explaining the variance of depression, 2) identify the most important predictors of depression for Korean female adolescents. METHOD: The participants were 840 female adolescents. Data was collected through self-report questionnaires, which were constructed to include demographicbehavioral factors, self-esteem, hostility, hopelessness, and depression. Data was analyzed using the SPSS program. RESULT: Female adolescents' demographicbehavioral variables explained 17% of the variance in depression, and perceived physical health status, history of physical abuse, smoking, satisfaction of body weight, parental alcohol abuse, parental divorce, and history of suicidal attempt were the significant predictors of depression for female adolescents. Psychological variables explained 50% of the variance in depression, and self-esteem, hostility, and hopelessness were the significant predictors of depression for female adolescents. The significant predictors of depression among female adolescents' demographicbehavioral variables and psychological variables were self-esteem, hostility, hopelessness, perceived physical health status, parental alcohol problem, and history of physical abuse, explaining 52% of the variance in depression. CONCLUSION: In order to reduce depression in female adolescents, it is necessary to design an intervention program that emphasizes improving self-esteem while reducing hostility and hopelessness.
Adolescent ; *Adolescent Psychology ; Analysis of Variance ; Demography ; Depression/*psychology ; Female ; Hostility ; Humans ; Korea ; Loneliness ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Questionnaires ; Self Concept

Erich Fromm said, "A man is fundamentally a lonely being, and he needs love to overcome the loneliness and the sense of emptiness." Marriage offers a resting place for the lonely man or woman, and satisfies a variety of their needs. Marriage is an arrangement where two sexually mature human beings live together because they love each other. It is a loving relationship which is established between the mature man and woman, who have formed their own identities and could understand each other. Infidelity is a mental disorder, which destroys the marital relationship, as well as one's mental health. This paper investigates the causes of infidelity from the evolutionary and psychoanalytic perspectives. Evolutionary psychology explains infidelity as a natural phenominon. A man commits infidelity according to his instinct for spreading his genes as much as possible, while a woman behaves according to her gene's design to receive a more superior gene, in order to produce a more superior offspring. The psychoanalytic approach explains infidelity as a phenomenon which occurs when one's identity lacks an ability to sublimate libido:an unresolved Oedipus complex could also be the cause. The Maria-Prostitute complex and the Don Juan character are presented as examples to illustrate these theories. As for the sex addicts who often weren't loved in their infantile life, they commit infidelity compulsively by confusing the sexual act with mother-like caring. The psychology of a person who tries to enact the primal scene by engaging a sexual act with a prostitute is presented. Someone who is often affected by depression and helplessness due to harsh superego tries to heal themselves by sexual stimulation. Infidelitys's influence on the partner is exaggerated by the parther's inner coflict. In the end, methods to overcome infidelity are investigated. Human instincts are not at all moral. To realize this fact is the first step to maintain one's married life without any infidelity problems.
Depression ; Female ; Humans ; Instinct ; Loneliness ; Love ; Marriage ; Mental Disorders ; Mental Health ; Mercuric Chloride ; Oedipus Complex ; Psychoanalysis ; Psychology ; Sex Workers ; Superego

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of peer relationships, self-reported attachment security, perceived parental rearing attitudes, and loneliness in upper elementary school-age children. METHODS: The data were collected from 207 students in grades 5 or 6, and descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson correlation coefficients and Stepwise multiple regression were used with the SPSS/PC 12.0 program to analyze the data. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in loneliness between the upper 25% and lower 25% groups of peer relationships, perceived parental rearing attitudes, and self-reported attachment security. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed affection-hostility in parental rearing attitudes, validation and conflict in peer relationships, and attachment security explained 39.6% of the total variance in loneliness. CONCLUSION: These results may contribute to a better understanding of loneliness in upper elementary school-age children. The results of the present study indicate a need to develop nursing interventions to prevent and manage children's loneliness
Adolescent ; Child ; *Child Psychology ; Demography ; Female ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; *Loneliness ; Male ; Object Attachment ; *Parent-Child Relations ; Peer Group

OBJECTIVE: To explore the reliability and validity of the short-form of the UCLA loneliness scale (ULS-8) among Chinese rural community-dwelling elderly. METHODS: ULS-8 was used for 839 Chinese rural community-dwelling elderly during face-to-face interviews. RESULTS: After deleting item-3 (I am an outgoing person) and item-6 (I can find companionship when I want it), the exploratory factor analysis showed that the construction of the new scale (ULS-6) fit the original construction of ULS-8, a single-factor resolution. Cronbach's α coefficient of ULS-6 was 0.831. Test-retest reliability was 0.715. All item-total correlations reached statistical significance. The total score of ULS-6 was correlated to quality of life, social support, suicidal ideation, and current major depression episode. CONCLUSION ULS-6 shows satisfactory reliability and validity and meets the needs of psychometric properties, and can be used for the evaluation of loneliness among Chinese rural elderly.
Aged ; China ; Community Health Services ; Female ; Humans ; Loneliness ; psychology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Reproducibility of Results ; Rural Population ; Sampling Studies ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the family function among the bereaved in hard-hit areas 1 year after Wenchuan earthquake and to provide basic information for family reconstruction. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was used to survey 264 bereaved who were selected according to the criteria in hard-hit areas after Wenchuan earthquake. RESULTS: The scores of family care function of the bereaved in hard-hit areas after Wenchuan earthquake were 6.52±2.65. Fifty percent of the participants' family kept in good state. The scores of the bereaved family cohesion ranged from 28 to 83 (64.22±9.18), and the scores of family adaptability ranged from 21 to 62 (41.84±6.62). There was no significant difference in the score of family cohesion between the bereaved family and the non-bereaved family (P>0.05). But the score of the family adaptability of the bereaved family was significantly lower than that of the non-bereaved family (P<0.05). The bereaved family types were as follows: 22.0% balanced type, 53.8% middle type and 24.2% extreme type. In the 16 family types, the "intimate-rigid" (24.6%), "intimate-regular" (19.7%) and "disengaged-rigid" (19.3%) type ranked the top three. CONCLUSION The family care function of the bereaved in hard-hit areas after Wenchuan earthquake is damaged to different degrees. The main type of family is the middle type. The loss of relatives reduces the participant family adaptability. In the late intervention, we should help the bereaved improve and enhance family function, and promote family reconstruction of the bereaved.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Bereavement ; China ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Earthquakes ; Family ; psychology ; Family Health ; statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Life Change Events ; Loneliness ; Male ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Survivors ; psychology

PURPOSE: This study aimed to uncover the fundamental nature of living alone in female elderly. METHODS: The phenomenological research approach developed by van Manen was adopted. RESULTS: The theme was 'taking a firm stand alone on the edges of life'. The composition elements of living alone experienced by elderly women were as follows: 1) Corporeality: participants perceived their bodies by their health status. Unhealthy participants were suffering with diseases and dependant on other persons, while healthy participants were free from family responsibility and kept on moving. 2) Spatiality: participants felt both freedom and loneliness while they stayed home. 3) Relationality: participants felt pity and yearning for their bereaved husband and sometimes talked to his picture. According to their children's filial piety, participants were pleased or displeased. However, they incessantly devoted themselves to their children. 4) Temporality: participants considered the rest of their life as extra-time which was proceeding to death, and tried to keep themselves busy before they died. CONCLUSION: A nurse should understand the multifarious aspects of elderly women's life, and then intervene to consolidate their strengths for self-supporting the final years of life.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Attitude to Death ; Family ; Female ; Health Status ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Life Style ; Loneliness ; *Quality of Life ; Widowhood/*psychology