<p>INTRODUCTIONMetastatic disease to the liver in colorectal cancer is a common entity that may present synchronously or metachronously. While increasing surgical experience has improved survival outcomes, some evidence suggest that synchronous lesions should be managed differently. This review aims to update current literature on differences between the outcomes and management of synchronous and metachronous disease.p><p>MATERIALS AND METHODSSystematic review of MEDLINE database up till November 2008.p><p>RESULTSDiscrete differences in tumour biology have been identified in separate studies. Twenty-one articles comparing outcomes were reviewed. Definitions of metachronicity varied from anytime after primary tumour evaluation to 1 year after surgery for primary tumour. Most studies reported that synchronous lesions were associated with poorer survival rates (8% to 16% reduction over 5 years). Sixteen articles comparing combined vs staged resections for synchronous tumour showed comparable morbidity and mortality. Benefits over staged resections included shorter hospital stays and earlier initiation of chemotherapy. Suitability for combined resection depended on patient age and constitution, primary tumour characteristics, size and the number of liver metastases, and the extent of liver involvement.p><p>CONCLUSIONSSurgery remains the only treatment option that offers a chance of long-term survival for patients amenable to curative resection. Synchronicity suggests more aggressive disease although a unifying theory for biological differences explaining the disparity in tumour behaviour has not been found. Combined resection of primary tumour and synchronous metastases is a viable option pending careful patient selection and institutional experience. Given the current evidence, management of synchronous and metachronous colorectal liver metastases needs to be individualised to the needs of each patient.p>
Biomarkers, Tumor ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; mortality ; pathology ; surgery ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; mortality ; secondary ; surgery ; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary ; mortality ; pathology ; surgery ; Neoplasms, Second Primary ; mortality ; pathology ; surgery ; Prognosis

<p>INTRODUCTIONIn this study, we report our initial experience with robotic hepatectomy.p><p>METHODSConsecutive patients who underwent robotic hepatectomy at Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, from February 2013 to February 2015 were enrolled in this study. The difficulty level of operations was graded using a novel scoring system for laparoscopic hepatectomies.p><p>RESULTSDuring the two-year period, five consecutive robotic hepatectomies were performed (one left lateral sectionectomy, one non-anatomical segment II/III resection, one anatomical segment V resection with cholecystectomy, one extended right posterior sectionectomy and one non-anatomical segment V/VI resection). Two hepatectomies were performed for suspected hepatocellular carcinoma, two for solitary liver metastases and one for a large symptomatic haemangioma. The median age of the patients was 53 (range 38-66) years and the median tumour size was 2.5 (range 2.1-7.3) cm. The median total operation time was 340 (range 155-825) minutes and the median volume of blood loss was 300 (range 50-1,200) mL. There were no open conversions and no mortalities or major morbidities (> Clavien-Dindo Grade II). The difficulty level of the operations was graded as low in one case (Score 2), intermediate in three cases (Score 5, 6 and 6) and high in one case (Score 10). There was one minor morbidity, where the patient experienced Grade A bile leakage, which resolved spontaneously. The median length of postoperative hospital stay was 5 (range 4-7) days.p><p>CONCLUSIONOur initial experience confirmed the feasibility and safety of robotic hepatectomy.p>
Adult ; Aged ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; surgery ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hepatectomy ; methods ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; methods ; Length of Stay ; Liver Neoplasms ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Operative Time ; Prospective Studies ; Robotics ; Singapore