Ever since 1980’s, outcome-based learning (OBL) has been applied to the reform in education as a systematic method in the whole world. It’s based on the expected learning outcomes and emphasized on study from the aspect of students, and its target is to let the students transform what they have learnt into practice. Therefore, it’s widely rewarded in the undergraduate medical education. As a basic theoretical course in acupuncture-moxibustion and an essential component in traditional Chinese medicine, Meridians and Acupoints is a compulsory course for overseas students in studying traditional Chinese medicine. The authors induced OBL into the study of this course and correspondingly conducted exploratory reform in the education of evaluation, by taking practice as the expected outcome and reversely designing teaching and evaluation.

Objective To establish a method for the determination of hesPeridin and cinnamaldehyde in siweiqing buccal tablets. Methods A high Performance liquid chromatograPhy ( HPLC) method was established. The chromatograPhic conditions were as follows: the chromatograPhic column Inertsil ODS_SP ( 4. 6 mmí150 mm, 5 μm ) with the mixture of acetonitrile and water as mobile Phase in gradient mode,the detection waVelength of 290 nm,the flow rate of 1. 0 mL·min-1 ,the column temPerature of 30℃,the theoretical Plate number no less than 3 000. Results The linear relationshiP between content and Peak area was obtained in the range of 0. 025-0. 500 μg for cinnamaldehyde and 0. 10-2. 00 μg for hesPeridin. RSD of the Peak area of cinnamaldehyde and hesPeridin for the Precision test,the stability test and the rePeatability test were 1. 16%and 1. 03%,1. 27%and 1. 08%,1. 23%and 1. 28%,resPectiVely. The aVerage recoVery of cinnamaldehyde was 99. 24%with RSD of 1. 65%(n=9). The aVerage recoVery of hesPeridin was 99. 39%with RSD of 1. 85%(n=9). Conclusion The method can be aPPlied to quantitatiVe assay of cinnamaldehyde and hesPeridin in siweiqing buccal tablets with good reProducibility and sPecificity. The recoVery result met the accePtance criteria. The method can effectiVely control the quality of siweiqing buccal tablets with good sPecificity,reProducibility and stability,and can be aPPlied to the quality control of siweiqing buccal tablets.

Medical ethics teaching is the an important part of professional teaching for medical students. The development of economics and medical science will surely make the conception of medical ethics changing constantly, in return the formation of new medical ethics may improve the development of medical science. The society requires that the medical students of new century should become personals of high quality having both ethics and abilities and undertaking medical practice law-abiding. The teachers must renew their conception of medical ethics and pay attention to the infiltration of medical ethics in clinical teaching. The author will make a research through six aspects in the strengthening and infiltrating of medical ethics in clinical teaching so as to find the way of developing by the society qualified medical personals needed.

The relationship between carotid artery stenosis and cognitive function are receiving increasing attention.Most studies have shown that carotid artery stenosis has a direct impact on cognitive impairment.Carotid endarterectomy or stenting can improve the cognitive function to varying degrees in patients with carotid artery stenosis.The mechanism of cognitive impairment in patients with carotid artery disease may be associated with hypoperfusion,white matter lesions,multiple lacunar infarction and spontaneous emboli.

Objective To investigate the transition of uropathogens and drug resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes(T2DM)complicated with urinary tract infection(UTI)in recent 10 years.Methods A total of 392 cases of T2DM with UTI were included in the study.The patients were divided into 2 groups according to time of hospitalization:group A(January 1998 to December 2002)and group B(January 2003 to December 2007).Clinical information,distilbution of uropathogens and antibiotic resistance between the two groups were analyzed.Results The most common pathogens isolated were Escherichia coli(50/152,32.89%),followed by Candida albicans(21/152,13.82%)and Enterococcus faecium(15/152,9.87%).Of the various pathogenic organisms isolated in group B,there were 16 new species not seen in group A.Escherichia coli was found to have higher resistant rates to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone in group B than in group A(80.8%vs.42.8%,26.9%vs.0,respectively).Enterococcus faecium was found to be more susceptibility to tetracycline in group B than in group A(0 vs.100.O%).Conclusion Species of uropathogens in T2DM patients ale increased,and the isolates are of high drug resistance,which should be noted in clinic.

Cancer-related fatigue(CRF) is one of the important symptoms for cancer patients,especially for the long-term survival patients after treatment.Its complexity and interdependency with other symptoms make it difficult to identify the clear underlying mechanisms. No single etiologic model provides a satisfactory explanation of cancer-related fatigue.For mild fatigue,non-pharmacological therapy is recommended.Non-pharmacological therapy combined with pharmacological therapies is recommended for patients with moderate and severe fatigue.

Objective To investigate the relationship between air pollutant exposure and preterm delivery (PTD) by Logistic regression model, as the effect of air pollutant exposure to PTD made great concern today. Methods The present study consisted of 31 145 qualified birth cases, 80.09% of the total amount, from 1 Nov, 2005 to 1 Aug, 2007. The covariant items included maternal age, nation, education, residence, income, occupation, occupation exposure, parent-drinking, father-smoking, heating-type, folic acid supplement, season of pregnancy, prenatal health care, etc. The Logistic regression analysis was employed to control the confounding factors mentioned above, then the pollutant was introduced step by step to build the single, double and triple pollutant Logistic regression model to examine the association between three pollutants (SO2, NO2, and PM10) and PTD during the first and third trimesters of pregnancy. The air monitoring data (daily average of SO2, NO2, and PM10) were collected from Taiyuan Environmental Monitoring Station. Results In the first trimester, a quartile increase of NO2 exposure caused the risk for PTD increased by 22.7%. As for the effect of PM10, no significant differences were seen. In the third trimester, a quartile increase of NO2 exposure caused the risk for PTD increased by 19.1%. Conclusion The NO2 exposure during the pregnancy can increase the risk of PTD. The susceptible exposure-window choice is critical for the further study in this field.

Objective To define the correlation between the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and metastasis-related gene nm-23-H 1, and to correlate their espressions with clinical features,radiosensitivity and prognostic variables in exophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), to establish some biological parameters obtained prior to therapy though which we can predict radiosensitivity and outcome.Methods PCNA and nm-23-H 1 expression protein were determined by immunohistochemical technique with formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens from 59 patients with ESCC who had received definitive radical radiation and had been followed up for more than 3 years. The values were assessed by distributions of patients , disease factors, including age,sex,lesion site,legth ,histological grade and prognosis.Results The findings showed that the mean labelling indices of PCNA and nm-23-H 1 were significantly higher in ESCC than in the normal esophageal tissue (P0.05).Conclusions PCNA and nm-23-H 1 indices can be taken as biological endpoints to predicting therapeutic response, local and systemic control of disease.

Objective To investigate the impact of Friedman family intervention model on the personal life ability and psychological status of caregivers of early Alzheimer's disease patients.Methods 66 Alzheimer's disease patients,according to the random sequence,were divided into the study group and the control group with 33 patients in each group respectively.The control group received routine geriatric care,the study group was given Friedman family intervention model on the basis of routine geriatric care.Two groups were estimated with Life Scale Index and ADL before intervention and two months after intervention respectively,and the matching caregiver were evaluated with Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90).Results Compared with the control group,the quality of daily life after the intervention of the study group was significantly improved,and the differences of daily living skills between two groups were statistically significant.The differences of the SCL-90 total score and depression,anxiety,somatization,interpersonal factor scores of caregivers between the two groups were statistically significant after two months of intervention.Conclusions The application of Friedman family intervention model plays a significant role in the improvement of the quality of daily life and daily living skills in patients with Alzheimer's disease,and can improve the psychological status of the caregivers of AD patients.

In the present investigation, the cytotoxic activity of tumor necrosis factor a was studied on human lung cancer cells in uitro. A wide range of TNF-ct concentration (from 100 to 10000 U/ml) was tested using the MTT assay. Data presented showed the suppressive effects of TNF-? on A549 dose-dependently and time-dependently; Twenty four hours exposure of A549 human cancer cells lo TNF-? shifted cells from G2 + M,S phase to GO + Gl phase as determined by analysis of isolated cell nuclei with an FACScan cell sorter. The results suggest that the mechanism of the eflect of TNF-a is to influence the cell cvcle of A549.