Pancreatic cancer often has an insidious onset and difficulties in treatment,with various limitations in early diagnosis and treatment.This article reviews the application of Mendelian randomization(MR)in exploring the risk factors for pancreatic cancer,with a special focus on the causal relationships of factors such as gut microbiota,lifestyle,and metabolic diseases.Leveraging data from large-scale genome-wide association studies(GWAS),MR analysis has revealed several biomarkers associated with the risk of pancreatic cancer.The two-sample MR approach is commonly used in current research,including the methods such as Inverse Variance Weighted,Weighted Median,and MR-Egger,which helps to explain the causal network of the disease from a genetic perspective.While MR strategy provides a new perspective for understanding the etiology of pancreatic cancer,caution is still needed in data synthesis,selection of instrumental variables,and pleiotropy assessment.The use of emerging analytical models such as BWMR,CAUSE,and MVMR offers new possibilities for the comprehensive evaluation of multiple risk factors and their interaction.In the future,with the combination of these methods and the ever-increasing genetic epidemiological data,MR analysis is expected to provide more solid evidence for identifying potential therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer and formulating prevention strategies.

Objective: Sex differences have been observed in many aspects of schizophrenia, including cognitive deficits. Despite extensive research into the relationship between metabolic factors and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, few studies have explored the potential sex difference in their association. Methods: We recruited 358 schizophrenia patients and 231 healthy controls. The participants underwent measurements of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and fasting blood glucose. Metabolic risk factors included abdominal obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. A collection of these metabolic risk factors has been defined as metabolic syndrome. These diagnoses were based on the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Treatment Panel III. Cognitive performance was measured using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). A descriptive analysis, difference analysis, and linear regression model were used to identify the metabolic risk factors for cognitive function in schizophrenia. Results: Our findings revealed sex differences in the rate of abdominal obesity and hypertension in schizophrenic patients. Additionally, we observed sex differences in the association between metabolic risk factors and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Specifically, hyperglycemia was associated with the immediate memory index score of RBANS in male patients, while dyslipidemia was associated with language, attention, delayed memory index scores, and RBANS total score in female patients. Conclusion Our results suggest that sex should be considered when evaluating the impact of metabolic disorders on the cognitive function of schizophrenic patients. Moreover, our study identifies hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia as potential targets for precise treatment by sex stratification, which could benefit the improvement of cognitive impairment in schizophrenic patients.

Objective:To assess the consistency between corneal curvature instrument and computer optometry instrument for corneal curvature of patients before underwent laser-assisted in situ keratomarisis(LASIK).Methods:A total of 65 myopic patients(130 eyes)who planned to undergo LASIK at the 969th hospital of People's Liberation Army Joint Service Support Force from January to December 2022 were selected.Corneal curvature instrument and computer optometry instrument were applied to record corneal curvature,corneal curvature on the horizontal radial line(Kl),corneal curvature on the vertical radial line(K2)and average corneal curvature[(K1+K2)/2]values.Using the method of consistency evaluation measurement(Bland Altman)to analyze the consistency between two kinds of measurement methods of instrument.Results:There was no significant difference in corneal curvature values between computer optometry instrument and corneal curvature instrument.There were positive correlations in the K1,K2 and(K1+K2)/2 between two instruments(r=0.483,0.409,0.427,P<0.05),respectively.The mean d of the differences of the measured Kl,K2 and[(K1+K2)/2]values of corneal curvature between two kinds of instruments were respectively 42.094D,42.919D and 42.981D,and the standard deviation(SD)of the differences were respectively 2.113D,2.157D and 2.282D.The 95%CI were respectively(46.770-37.419),(47.148-38.691)and(47.145-38.508).Conclusion:There is favorable consistency between computer optometry instrument and corneal curvature instrument,and they can be used by mutual substitution.The applicability of the two instruments should be comprehensively considered in clinical work,so as to play its maximum role.