Objective To investigate the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor (GABAAR) in lung tissues in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury in rats.Methods Thirty-two male Wistar rats,aged 8 weeks,weighing 200-230 g,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =8 each) ∶ control group (group C),group LPS,GABA pretreatment + LPS group (group GABA) and GABAAR antagonist bicuculline pretreatment + LPS group (group BIC).Acute lung injury was induced by intravenous LPS 5 mg/kg in groups LPS,GABA and BIC,while the equal volume of normal saline was given in group C.GABA 50 mg/kg and bicuculline 10 μmol/kg were injected intraperitoneally 30 min before LPS injection in GABA and BIC groups,respectively.Arterial blood samples were collected at 6 h after LPS injection for measurement of arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2).The animals were then sacrificed and lungs removed for determination of W/D lung weight ratio,GABAAR expression,contents of interleukin-6 (IL-6),tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in lung tissues and for microscopic examination.Results Compared with group C,PaO2 was significantly decreased in the other three groups,and W/D lung weight ratio,TNF-α,IL-6 and MDA contents were significantly increased,GABAAR expression was up-regulated,and SOD activity was decreased in groups LPS and GABA (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group LPS,W/D lung weight ratio,TNF-α,IL-6 and MDA contents were significantly increased,GABAAR expression was up-regulated,and SOD activity was decreased in group GABA (P ＜ 0.05),and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in group BIC and in PaO2 in groups GABA and BIC (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion GABAA R in lung tissues is involved in the development of acute lung injury induced by LPS.

Objective To establish a specific HPLC method and a standard fingerprint for quality control ofZiziphi Spinosae Folium.Methods The samples were separated on a Kinetex C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm,2.6 μm) by gradient elution at the flow rate of 300 μL/min using acetonitrile and 0.1％ aqueous formic acid as the mobile phase.The column temperature was 30℃.The detection wavelength was 225 nm and the sample size was 10 μL.The fingerprint evaluation software (2012 edition) for Chinese materia medica (CMM) was used to evaluate the similarity of the 12 batches of samples.Results There were 13 characteristic peaks identified in the characteristic spectra ofZiziphi Spinosae Folium samples.Peak 6 was Rutin.The similarities of 13 batches ofZiziphi Spinosae Folium samples were proved to behigher than 0.850.Conclusion The method is available with a good reproducibility and accuraty which can control the quality standards effectively.

Outpatient care services are usually the patient's first contact between the patients and the most bas-ic health care. The provision of outpatient care contributes to immediate and large gains in health status. The pay-ment method is one of the most common incentive methods applied by purchasers to guide the performance of outpa-tient care providers. This systematic review applied cochrane review method, and searched, screened, assessed and synthesized the relevant original studies. 19 studies were finally included. It was found that existing payment methods combined with P4 P interventions could probably slightly improved the health professionals' use of some tests and treat-ments ( adjusted RR median = 1 . 095 , range 1 . 01 to 1 . 17 ) , but may have led to little or no difference in patients' utilisation of health services ( adjusted RR median = 1 . 01 , range 0 . 96 to 1 . 15 ) and may have led to little or no difference in the control of blood pressure or cholesterol ( adjusted RR = 1 . 01 , range 0 . 98 to 1 . 04 ) . Pay for per-formance involves a complex design, each detail design may contain different incentive effect, therefore policy makers intend to apply pay-for-performance to guide the behavior of health providers, the design on each components of pay for performance should be analyzed in order to find more potential intervention points.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the adequacy of hemodialysis by online clearance monitoring (OCM) and Kt/V of correlation analysis.MethodsThe Kt/V values of 48 maintenance hemodialysis patients in the Department of Nephrology of General Hospital of PLA were accessed by both OCM of Germany BeiLang Dialog + hemodialysis machine and single-pool urea kinetic model.The Kt/V calculation value was also checked by the urea dynamics - room variable volume model.The results generated at different time point were compared,including at the real time,before and after appearing through blood by On - line Clearance Monitoring,and correlation analysis of Kt/V value was performed.ResultsThere was no significant difference on evaluating the level of Kt/v by these two methods.The relationship between the results of the two methods was significantly positive related.(r=0.539,P ＜ 0.01).ConclusionsDuring hemodialysis,the OCM option provides an accurate tool for continuous on-line monitoring of urea clearance.

Objective To observe the curative effects of octreotide on gastrointestinal cancer and its influenee on the serum level of IGF-1.Methods 33 patients diagnosed as advanced gastrointestinal cancer were randomized into 2 groups.15 cases in therapy group received octreotide 400μg/d subcutaneous injection or intravenous injection,other patients were taken as control.Curative effects of octreotide and serum level of IGF-1 on different time were observed before and after therapy.Results 4 cases in therapy group kept stable condition during treatment,all 18 cases in control group deteriorated gradually.The median survival time of octreotide therapy was 6.9 months,longer than that of control group(2.3 months)(P＜0.05),the feeling of well being in therapy group was reported a remarkable improvement.Serum level of IGF-1 decreased obviously after octreotide injection(P＜0.05),but no significant difference in control group.Conclusion Octreotide can prolong the survival duration and improve living quality of patients with advanced gastrointestinal tumors.The mechanism of antitumor is probably through suppression of IGF-1.

Objective:To review the drug absorption evaluation methods for pulmonary delivery. Methods: The drug absorption cell models, in vitro pulmonary membrane model and in vivo animal model were systematically summarized, and the advantages and disadvantages of those models and applications were reviewed by referring to the databases in CNKI and Pubmed. Results:The appro-priate animal model and method for the study of pulmonary absorption should be chosen according to the experimental purpose and char-acteristics of drugs. Conclusion:The review provides the thoughts and theoretical basis for the research and development of pulmonary delivery.

Curcumin is the main active component in turmeric, which possesses many pharmacologic effects, including anti-in-flammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-atherosclerosis, liver and kidney protection and so on. However, due to its poor bioavail-ability, its clinical application is limited. Therefore, the methods for improving the bioavailability of curcumin were reviewed by refer-ring to a large number of literatures. The bioavailability of curcumin can be improved by different administration routes and various dos-age forms. The review provides theoretical basis and research ideas for the development of new drugs.

Objective To investigate the influence of Smac to the chemosensitivity of cyclophosphamide (CTX) and doxorubicin (DOX) in MCF-7 cells.Methods MCF-7 cells were exposed to CTX,DOX and the combination of both.3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazoly)-2,5-diphenyl-2 H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to estimate the cell viability.Apoptosis was measured by acridine orange staining and Ho.33342/PI dou-ble staining.The mRNA and protein expressions of Smac were determined by RT-PCR and Western blotting.The study also analyzed the changes of pro-apoptotic proteins active caspase-3 and active caspase-9.Results CTX,DOX and the combination of both drugs reduced the cell survival rates in a concentration-dependent manner.The cell viability after being treated with 4.0 μg/ml CTX or 0.2 μg/ml DOX or 2.0 μg/ml CTX and 0.1 μg/ml DOX for 48 hours was (52.90 ± 8.78) ％,(53.35 ± 6.29) ％ and (34.19 ± 5.43) ％,respectively.The drug combination developed a stronger inhibitory effect compared to the single drugs (t =9.051,P=0.014;t =9.074,P =0.014).The Smac mRNA and protein levels in 2.0 μg/ml CTX and 0.1 μg/ml DOX group were 7.47 ± 0.82 and 4.13 ± 0.36,which were higher than those in 4.0 μg/ml CTX group (3.27 ± 0.40 and 2.28 ± 0.27;t =-50.120,P =0.000;t =-42.588,P =0.000) and 0.2 μg/ml DOXgroup (3.34±0.62and2.45±0.40;t=-46.233,P=0.000;t=-39.541,P=0.000).Furthermore,pro-apoptotic proteins active caspase-3 and active caspase-9 increased activity was confirmed by Western blotting.Conclusion Smac plays a vital role in enhancing the sensitivity of chemotherapeutic drugs CTX and DOX in MCF-7 cell line.

Objective: To observe relation among sICAM-1 level in the sera of patients with chronic viral hepatic disease, viral replication and the clinical significance. Methods: The level changes of sICAM-1, IL-1,IL-8 and TNFa in the sera of patients with chronic hepatitis B(CH),chronic severe hepatitis B(CSH) and hepatocirrhosis (HC) were detected by ELISA. Results: The levels of sICAM-1,IL-1,IL-8 and TNFa in sera of the patients with chronic viral hepatic disease were significantly higher than those of healthy control group(P<0.01). The bilirubin level in the sera of patients with chronic viral hepatic disease of different clinical types positively correlated with sICAM-1 and cytokine activities. The sICAM-1 level in the sera of HBV-DNA or HBeAg positive patients was significantly higher than those of negative patients(P<0.05,P<0.01). Conclusion: The sICAM-1 level and activities of cytokine IL-1,IL-8 and TNFa as well as the bilirubin level in the sera of the patients can reflect the necrosis degree of hepatocytes, and the sICAM-1 level and activities of IL-1,IL-8 and TNFa were related to state of HBV carrier or the active degree of HBV in patients with hepatic disease.

Objective To compare the contents of total flavonoids, forsythoside A and phillyrin in Forsythiae Fructus leaves tea under different drying conditions; To determine the best drying method for Forsythiae Fructus leaves tea. Methods With the sodium nitrite-aluminum trichloride-sodium hydroxide solution as color reagent, total flavonoids in forsythiae Fructus leaves tea were determined by UV spectrophotometry at the wavelength of 500 nm. HPLC was used to determine the contents of forsythiaside A and phillyrin. The analysis was performed on a Diamosil C18 (2) column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm); the mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile and 0.4% acetic acid with gradient elution; the detection wavelength was set at 277 nm; the flow rate was 1.0 mL/min at column temperature of 30 ℃. Results The content of total flavonoids of Forsythiae Fructus leaves tea under different drying conditions was basically the same; the sequence of the contents of forsythoside A and Forsythin of Forsythiae Fructus leaves tea under different drying conditions was: ventilated drying > vacuum drying > blast drying. Conclusion Different drying conditions have no effect on the contents of total flavonoids in Forsythiae Fructus leaves tea, but have obvious effects on the contents of forsythiaside A and phillyrin. Ventilation shade is better than blast drying and vacuum drying for preverence of forsythiaside A and forsythin.