BACKGROUND: The choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) is the key synthetic enzyme for acetylcholine, and is the important symbol of the functional activity of the cholinergic system. There was a relationship of the cholinergic neurons damage with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD) and the mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Whether or not the fimbria/fornix transection may affect the expressive variety of ChAT in different cerebral regions of rats (cortex, hippocammpi CA1, amygdala, Meynert nucleus) is very important for the recognition of the pathogenesis of AD and MCI and the establishment of experimental animal model of AD.OBJECTIVE: To observe the expressive variety of ChAT in different cerebral regions of rats with fimbria/fornix transection and discuss exploratorily the methods of simulative experimental AD.DESIGN: A randomized and control study.SETTING: Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of the Qingdao University Medical College and the Department of Neurology, No. 1People' s Hospital of Jining.MATERIALS: The experiment was completed in the Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of the Qingdao University Medical College from March to December 2003. Totally 14 adult healthy female Wistar rats aged 5 months were randomly divided into model group and control group with 7 in each group.METHODS: ① The bilateral fimbria-fornix of brain in model group were transected on the stereotaxic apparatus to set animal model. After opening the skull, at the coordinates, along the bregma posterior 2.2 mm-2.5 mm and lateral 1.0 mm according to the atlas of Paxinos and Watson, and the dorsal fornix, the anterior part of hippocampus and the fimbria were cut off with a double blade under visual inspection. Rats in the control group were not performed with fimbria/fornix transection, and the other procedures were completed as those in the model group. ② On the 28 day after the surgery, all rats were killed under anesthesia to take out the brain tissues and make coronary sections for histochemical observation in a immunohistochemical way. The expressions of the ChAT positive neurons were observed in the cortex, hippocammpi CA1, amygdala, Meynert nucleus, and the brown neurons under microscopy was the ChAT positive neurons.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Expressions of ChAT positive neurons in the cortex, hippocammpi CA1, amygdala, Meynert of the basal forebrain in the model group and the control group.RESULTS: All the rats entered the final analysis without any loss. The expression of ChAT positive neurons in the cortex, hippocammpi CA1,amygdala, Meynert of the basal forebrain in the model group were distinctly decreased than that in the control group (2.97±1.45, 32.60±7.33, t=10.51,P ＜ 0.01); (6.83±2.41, 50.57±5.85, t=1 8.30, P＜ 0.01); (14.43±6.75, 35.43±10.49,t=4.47, P ＜ 0.01); (5.77±6.62, 48.77±7.10, t=1 1.72, P ＜ 0.01), and the differences were significant.CONCLUSION: Finbria/fomix transection can decrease the expression of ChAT positive neurons in many cerebral regions of rats, and can be used in a method of setting the experimental animal model of AD.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the hand hygiene situation of medical staff in order to carry out supervising and monitoring on their hand hygiene pertinently.METHODS The hand hygiene monitoring data from Jan 2004 to Dec 2007 were retrospectively analyzed.RESULTS The total qualified rate of medical staff hand hygiene was 91.4%;the qualified rate of hand hygiene monitoring for doctors was 89.8%,and it was 96.7% for nurses;the qualified rate of medical staff working in the type-Ⅱenvironment was 93.6%,and the qualified rate of those working in the type-Ⅲ environment was 95.2%;for medical students and refresher doctors,it was 81.0 %.CONCLUSIONS The medical staff still lack the knowledge on hands' cleanliness and disinfection.The supervisors should strengthen monitoring on hand hygiene;some new regulations should be established and practiced,and the hand washing equipments should be updated;the medical staff's compliance of hand hygiene should be improved,and their conceptions of hand hygiene should be strengthened;all-sided originalities on hand hygiene should be carried out in order to reduce the occurring of hospital infections.

Objective To examine plasma adrenomedullin(ADM) levels in patients with IgA nephropathy,and investigate the correlation of plasma ADM and urinary albumin.Methods Specific radioimmunoassay was used to measure the plasma concentration of ADM in 35 patients with IgA nephropathy and 22 controls,and to analyse correlation of plasma ADM level and urinary albumin. Results The levels of plasma ADM (24 2?3 8)pg/ml was significantly higher in patients with IgA nephrophathy than that of controls(10 9?0 8)pg/ml)(P

Objective To evaluate suitable scan sequence of Low Field (0 35 T) MRI for children′s brain in development phase Methods The T 2 values of gray and white matter of centrum semiovale were measured The change of the T 2 value with the age was observed Three types of long TR scan sequence were performed These were routine TR, i e 2 700/40, 80 ms, long TR, i e 4 000/40, 80 ms, and extra long TR, i e 5 000～8 000/40, 80 ms They were applied to children of different age group And the quality of T 2WI was compared and analyzed Results The change of T 2 value was consistent with the process of myelinization Extra long TR sequence should be chosen for newborns Long TR sequence should be chosen for infants And routine TR sequence may be used in children older than one year old Conclusion In observing cerebral ventricle and extracerebral space of newborn and infant, image of long TR sequence is better than that of routine TR sequence

OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical manifestation and the reasons of misdiagnosis of allergic rhinitis patients with postnasal drip. METHODS The clinical data of 3 patients with allergic rhinitis who had the symptom of postnasal dr ip and were mi sdiagnosed were s tudied. RESULTS The three patients to be misdiagnosed as chronic sinusitis treated by antibiotics drugs, post cold cough syndrome without any treatment, and chronic rhinitis treated with partial inferior turbinectomy. The 3 patients were diagnosed allergic rhinitis and cured with budesonide nasal spray. CONCLUSION The reasons of misdiagnosis are listed as follows. 1. The clinic doctors don't listen to the patient's complaint comprehensively and get incorrect information. 2. The symptoms of allergic rhinitis are not typical. 3. Postnasal drip is the main complaint and cause irritable cough, pharyngeal itching, globus. 4. The symptoms of allergic rhinitis are covered by other simultaneous diseases.

Objective: To study the interaction anxiousness status of new recruits in Chinese People's Armed Police Force.Methods: 981 recruits were assessed with Interaction Anxiousness Scale(IAS).Results: The average score of IAS of recruits was 42.93?7.35.There was higher social anxiety level in the recruits who graduated from junior middle school than those who graduated from senior high school.There were respectively 37.5% and 39.3% of recruits feeling uneasy when they were in contacting with strangers and talking with supervisors.There were 85.5% of recruits lacking confidence.Conclusion: The level of interaction anxiousness of new recruits was relatively high,it embodied contacting with strangers,talking with supervisors and lacking confidence.

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of fiberoptic ductoscope versus galactography for nipple discharge. Methods Literatures on comparing the diagnostic value of galactography with fiberoptic ductoseope (FDS) on the nipple discharge were searched from the Cochrane library, Evidence based medicine (EBM ),PubMed,China Vip database, and 8 studies were intaked. Then the data was analyzed by software Metadisc1.4 and Review Manager5.1. Results There are 1170 patients in the 8 studies. The pooled estimates for sensitivity of FDS and galactography was 82%, 78%, and the pooled estimates for specificity was 51%, 50%, respectively. The weighted AUC (area under curve) was 0.776, 0.705, Q*values was 0.715, 0.657, respectively. The sensitivities and specificity of the 2 methods were not significantly different. The overall diagnostic efficacy of FDS was better than that of galactography. Conclusion FDS is better than galaetography in the diagnostic value of nipple discharge.

Objective:To compare the effects of different anesthesia methods on stress hormones and hemodynamic changes in the patients with gynecological laparoscopic surgery. Methods:Retrospective analysis was carried out. Totally 145 patients with gynecolog-ical laparoscopic surgery were divided into two groups according to the anesthesia method, the control group with 72 cases was given routine remifentanyl propofol intravenous anesthesia, and the observation group with 73 cases was given routine propofol isoflurane com-posite anesthesia. Such hemodynamic indices as SBP, DBP and HR, and plasma NE, E, cort and AT II levels at different time points in the two groups were studied and compared, and adverse drug reactions were also observed in the two groups. Results:The BP and HR at T2 and T3 time point in the two groups were significantly lower than those at T0 time point (P<0. 05), and those in the obser-vation group were lower than those in the control group at the same time point(P<0. 05). The levels of NE, E, cort and ATⅡat T2 and T3 time point in the two groups were significantly higher than those at T0 time point (P<0. 05), while the increase in the observa-tion group was lower than that in the control group (P<0. 05). The incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADR), such as respiratory depression, hypertension, bradycardia and so on, and the total incidence of ADR in the observation group were both lower than those in the control group (P<0. 05). Conclusion:Compared with remifentanyl propofol intravenous anesthesia, propofol isoflurane composite anesthesia can keep the hemodynamic stability more effectively and reduce the stress reaction with fewer ADR and promising safety, which is worthy of wider application in clinics.

The paper reviewed the project management model and its evolution in the national schistosomiasis control in China at different stages.The key factors impacting the progress of the control activities were analyzed by introducing the concept of project management,and the principles,i.e.objective management,temporal management,cost-effectiveness management,and quality management,that would have to be complied with in the future control activities were put forward,so as to accelerate the elimination of schistosomiasis in China.

Objective To evaluate hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in neonates with diffusion-weighted MR imaging, and to explore the value and limitation of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) compared with conventional magnetic resonance imaging.Methods Conventional magnetic resonance T 1-weighted imaging (T 1WI) and DWI (b=700 s/mm2) were performed in 36 neonates with HIE ( average age, 8.44 days; range, 3 hours to 22 days ), and the cortex and subcortical white matter, deep white matter, basal ganglia and thalamus, cerebral ventricle, and extra-cerebral interspace etc were observed.Results Signal abnormalities were shown on DWI with hypoxic-ischemic insults, which included diffuse brain damage (19.4%, 7/36): extensive high signals in the regional cortex, subcortical and deep white matter; localized brain damage: high signals along lateral ventricular wall and triangular part (27.8%, 10/36 ), and punctate high signals in the frontal deep white matter (5.6%, 2/36).On T 1WI, the incidence of the corresponding changes were 16.7% (6/36), 36.1% (13/36), and 30.6%(11/36), respectively.Hemorrhagic lesions demonstrated high signals on T 1WI and no signals on DWI.Conclusion DWI was applicable for acute HIE, and T 1WI was suitable for subacute and chronic HIE.