There are many kinds of methods to improve the epidemiology teaching quality for students of non-major preventive medicine,such as giving them a good start,citing the examples,useing heuristic and the discussion method in teaching.To enhance the teaching effect,we shuld put the enlightening of the students' thought and the strengthening their ability on the first place and carry it through the entire teaching process.

This paper discusses the difference about the historical development of informed consent between China and USA.Then points out;Since there exits different culture background between the two countries,it is inevitable that obstacle will occur in the course of comparative study of bioethics between China and USA.

The paper differentiates the advantages and disadvantages of active euthanasia made:Before legalizing euthanasia,hospice can be a transitional alternative and will benefit the.

Objective To evaluate effect of preventing ventilator associated pneumoia (VAP) of patients with oral cavity endotracheal intubation by air impulse clearing away secretion drainage. Methods 348 patients with oral trachea cannula and mechanical ventilation (MV) in intensive care unit (ICU) were divided into control group (n=174) and observational group (n=174). The control group adopted conventional airway management methods without the subglottic secretion drainage while the observational group adopted conventional airway management methods on the basis of combining air impact method remove stranded on airbags. Other treatment and care for all of patients were basically the same. The MV time, duration in ICU and incident rate on VAP were compared between the two groups. Results The average of MV time in control group was (5.25±1.18) days, (5.62±3.20) days in ICU and the rate of VAP was 10.34%(18/174). In observational, it was (8.96 ±5.43) days, (10.43 ±4.96 ) days and 34.48%(60/174), respectively. The MV time, duration in ICU and incident rate on VAP were significantly different (P<0.05), with statistical significance. Conclusions The air impact method to remove airbags retentate could shorten time of MV and during time in ICU, and could reduce the rate of VAP.

Objective To observe the high-flow nasal cannulae can reduce indoor postoperative intensive care patients with tracheal intubation in offline acute respiratory failure after extubation reintubation rates. Methods 53 cases of postoperative acute hypoxia type patients with respiratory failurein the ICU in offline after extubation were divided into two groups, control group of 24 patients, 29 cases of observation group patients. Control group patients in the event of a failure after using non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) and observation group of patients using HFNC. All other patients with same treatment and nursing. Compare two groups of patients reintubation rates. Results Observation group of reintubation rate was 20.69%(6/29), the control group was 45.83%(11/24), reintubation rate difference of two groups of patients were statistically significant (χ2=3.81, P < 0.05). Conclusions HFNC can reduce postoperative extubation after weaning reintubation rates in patients with acute respiratory failure.

It was shown that in the stricture on abdominal aorta (SAA) rat myocardiac hypertrophy model,the caudal blood pressure was increased,the wall of left ventricle was thichened, the proliferation of T cell in thymus and spleen was decreased and the content of IL-2 was less than normal. Acanthopanax giroldii polysaccharide (AGPS10mg/kg.d, sc) could harmonize the heightened blood pressure and increase the level of immunity in the body. It was suggested by the result, that AGPS could be used to strengthen the heart function as well as immunity.

Objective To explore the risk factors for school age chidren dental fluorosis in high fluoride rural areas.Methods Based on the fluoride screening results of rural drinking water in Shandong in 2006,three villages of Jiaxiang counties were selected as the survey sites,12 drinking water samples were collected and pH value,fluoride,hardness were determined,110 school-age children were chosen among high fluoride countryside in May,2008.Dental fluorosis was examined,and a questionnaire survey was performed.Results The average levels of pH value,fluoride content and hardness were 7.01,1.24,494.00 mg/L respectively,and the of dental fluorosis was 63.6%.Simple Logistic regression analysis showed that the prevalence of dental fluorosis was associated with Lower family income,lower education level of parents,lower nutrition knowledge score and few kinds of daily food.Multiple Logistic regression analysis showed that the prevalence of dental fluorosis was positively associated with family income,education level of father and consumption of meat,milk,eggs,fresh vegetables and fruit.Conclusion The rate of dental fluorosis among school-age children in the investigated area is higher.Family income,parents'education and nutritional deficiency are related to the prevalence of dental fluorosis.

Objective To explore the expression and change on the neurokinin A(NKA) of rat ileum during the development. Methods PAP immunohistochemistry method and image analysis were used to detect systematically the expression of NKA in rat ileum from E13 to adult stage. Results 1.In rat ileum, the NKA-IR could first be found in the myenteric plexus at E17, and then appeared on the longitudinal muscle layer, circular muscle layer, intestinal villus, intestinal gland, submucosa and deep muscular plexus. On P30, they showed the distribution feature of adult rat.2.The results of quantitative analysis were in correspondence with the developmental change of NKA-IR in ileum.3.The NKA-IR positive cells showed the typical feature of morphology and distribution of gastrointestinal endocrine cells.Conclusion 1. The ontogeny and development of NKA in rat ileum mainly appeare in the last E1 week and P4 weeks, whereas the density of positive fiber in villus is not as same as adulthood until P60. 2.There are two key periods during the development of NKA in rat ileum. The first crucial stage is from the last El week to P1 week. The second important stage is in the end of P4 weeks. 3.The NKA-IR cells may be the endocrine cell which produces NKA in rat digestive tract.4.NKA may play an important role in the development and physiological function of rat ileum.

Objective:To analyze the value of Kang'ai injection on gastric cancer patients’ chemotherapy.Methods: Chosen gastric cancer patients with chemotherapy between December 2012 to December 2013 in our hospital as study subject, randomly divided into control group received conventional chemotherapy and observation groups received Kang'ai injection combine with chemotherapy, compared term effect after chemotherapy, immune function and quality of life scores.Results: 1)Observation group patients’ complete remission and partial remission after chemotherapy were significantly higher than control group patients(x2=2.471,x2=2.748;P<0.05); 2)Observation group patients’ IL-6, TNF-α, CD3+, CD4+ value was significantly higher than control group after receiving chemotherapy, CD8+ value was significantly lower than control group patients(t=2.627,t=2.462,t=2.748,t=2.846,t=2.735;P<0.05); 3)two groups of patients’ life quality scores before chemotherapy was no significant,after chemotherapy observation group patients’ life quality scores were significantly higher than control group patients(t=2.637,t=2.647,t=2.983;P<0.05).Conclusion: Kang'ai injection can significantly improve the effectiveness of chemotherapy in patients with gastric cancer,and optimize immune function, while improving the quality of life after chemotherapy.

Objective To explore the effect of employee assistance program on male nurses' professional values and professional identity.Methods Fifty male nurses participated in the program by group counseling and individual counseling.The professional values scale (NPVS-R) and the occupational identity scale were used to investigate the changes in their professional values and occupational identity before and after the intervention.Result After intervention,the occupational values and occupational identity of male nurses were significantly better than before intervention (P＜0.01).Conclusion The employee assistance program for male nurses can promote the formation of positive professional values and professional identity sense.