Objective To explain the differences between zingiber officinale and its sulfur fumigation products on chromatography fingerprints by HPLC-DAD;To discuss the influence of sulfur-fumigation on the quality of zingiber officinale. Methods HPLC, diode array detector, and ZORBAX SB-C18 column were used with acetonitrile-water as the mobile phase, gradient elute, volume flow rate of 1 mL/min, column temperature of 25 ℃, and detection wavelength of 280 nm. HPLC-DAD technology was applied to establish the fingerprints of zingiber officinale before and after sulfur-fumigating process, in order to analyze the HPLC fingerprints of zingiber officinale before and after sulfur-fumigating process. External standard method was used to do the quantitative determination of 6-gingerol. Results The 17 common peaks were identified through the comparison of 3 batches of fingerprints of zingiber officinale and their sulfur-fumigated samples. The peak areas of NO.3, NO.10, NO.11, and NO.17 were reduced by 50.68%, 64.41%, 67.68%, and 21.23%respectively. The content of 6-gingerol had no significant change. Conclusion The chemical composition of zingiber officinale changed at different degrees after sulfur-fumigated process. The safety and effectiveness of sulfur fumigation products of zingiber officinale require more researches.

Objective By analysing the clinical features of Indigo Naturalis-associated ischemic lesion of colon mucosa to improve the precautionary and therapeutic level of the disease.Methods Thirteen patients diagnosed as Indigo Naturalis-associated ischemic lesion of colon mucosa in Peking University Third Hospital from 2005 to 2010 were reviewed.The endoscopic and clinical features were analysed.Results The 13 patients with an average age of(60.6±14.1)years old were prescribed Chinese traditional medicine containing Indigo Naturalis for psoriasis or idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura(ITP).The ratio of males to females was 1:1.6.The typical manifestations were abdominal pain and bloody stool with watering diarrhea before bloody stool in 61.5%patients.Endoscopic and pathological characteristics were coincident with ischemic lesion and more like a chronic index.Vasodilatic medicine was effective and the average hemostatic time was(1.7±0.8)days.The prognosis was well and no recurrence was found during 3 months follow-up.Conclusions Patients having psoriasis or ITP treated with Chinese traditional medicine containing Indigo Naturalis have an inclination to colon mucosa lesions, even ischemic lesion. Careful assessment and observation before prescribing arc necessary in these patients.

Objective To investigate the incidence of peptic ulcer (duodenal ulcer and gastric ulcer) and the development of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection in the population during 10 years after Hp eradication.Methods Subjects were chosen from general population and performed endoscopy.Among them,the individuals confirmed to be Hp positive were randomly divided into treatment group and placebo group.The patients in treatment group received OAC triple therapy (omeprazole 20 mg,clarithromycin 500 nag and amoxicillin 1000 re.g,twice daily) for one week.After that,both groups continuously followed up by endoscopy during at 1st,5th,8th and 10th year for incidence and relapse of peptic ulcer as well as status of Hp infection.The patients in treatment group were examined by 13C-UBT for Hp eradication one month after the completion of treatment.Results At the 1st year,the incidence of peptic ulcer between the treatment group and placebo group were 3.7% and 12.85% (P=0.0002),respectively.At the 5th year,they were 5.86% and 14.93% (P=0.0017),respectively.At the 8th year,they were 4.4% and 9.39% (P = 0.044),respectively.The incidence of peptic ulcer of the treatment group significantly decreased after the eradication therapy compared to the placebo group.After the eradication,at the 1st year,the recurrence rates were 3.70% and 38.1% between the treatment group and the placebo group (P=0.0027).At the 5th year,they were 14.81% and 42.86% (P=0.03).At 8th year,they were 14.81 and 47.62% (P=0.03),respectively.At the 10th year,they were 25.93% and 57.14% (P=0.028).Then the recurrence rates of the treatment group significantly decreased compared to the placebo group.During the 10-year follow up study,the rate of Hp reinfection after a successful eradication in the treatment group was high,and it was 46.4% at the 10th year.Conclusion Both the incidence and recurrence of peptic ulcer significantly decreased after Hp eradication.It is necessary of Hp eradication in patients with peptic ulcer.Hp reinfection after a successful eradication is more frequent.

Objectives To study the current prevalence and recent epidemiological changes of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection among children and adults residing in regions with high ( Muping, Shandong) and low (Yanqing, Beijing) incidence of gastric cancer in China. Methods A total of 2065 asymptomatic children aged 8-15 years and adults aged 40-79 years in the above two regions were examined from May to July 2006. The data obtained in early 1990s in the same two areas and those of 11 656 patients undergoing endoscopy in our hospital in 1991 and 2006 were also collected and studied. Results The prevalence ofH. pylori infection in Muping was significantly higher than that in Yanqing among both children (37.69% vs25.58%, P<0.001) and adults (50.95% vs41.35%, P < 0. 01 ). From 1991 to 2006 H. pylori prevalence among children aged 8-10 years decreased in Muping (60. 00% vs 32. 07% , P < 0.001), but not in Yanqing (24.06% vs 19.10%, P > 0. 05 ) . A significant decrease in H. pylori prevalence among adults in both regions was observed when the results of 2006 were compared with the data obtained in 1990 in Muping (50.95% vs 73.78% , P < 0. 001 ) and in 1992 inYanqing (41.35% vs 55. 35% , P < 0. 01 ) . The detected rate of H. pylori infection in patients undergoing endoscopy in our hospital decreased from 51. 88% in 1991 to 33. 59% in 2006 (P <0. 001). Conclusions The prevalence of H. pylori infection is significantly higher in areas with a high incidence of gastric cancer in China as compared with that in areas with a low incidence of gastric cancer among both children and adults. H. pylori infection may be a risk factor in gastric carcinogenesis. In the past decade or more, H.pylori infection rates have decreased in Chinese population.

Objective To identify molecular typing of Brucella abortus isolates in Xinjiang,and determine the identification ability of multiple locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA).Methods The optimized Brucella AMOS-PCR was used for identification of Brucella (n =7) genus and species in Xinjiang from 2010-2015,and MLVA-16 was used to further identify the isolates.Results were compared with the data of the Brucella standard strain provided by the http://mlva.u-psud.fr database.Cluster analysis was carried out with Bionumerics 6.6.Results The results of AMOS-PCR and MLVA-16 were identical,all were Brucella abortus.Further classification results of the MLVA-16 showed that the strain in Xinjiang was type 3 of Brucella abortus,which was basically the same as that of the domestic Brucella.Conclusions The molecular typing of isolates separated in Xinjiang is type 3 of Brucella abortus.MLVA can identify Brucella at the level of species,and highly sensitive to Brucella biotype and isolates differences,which provides a basis for the traceability and evolution of brucellosis epidemic strains.

Objective To explore the drug sensibility of Brucella from bovine and sheep in Xinjiang.Methods Using paper diffusion method,19 drugs of 8 kinds of antibiotics including aminoglycosides,macrolides,sulfonamides,tetracyclines,β-lactams,fluoroquinolones,chloramphenicols and rifamycins,were tested.Drug sensitivity test was conducted on 57 Brucella strains isolated from bovine and sheep in Xinjiang from 2010 to 2016.Results The 57 Brucella strains were highly sensitive to doxycycline,tetracycline,streptomycin,tobramycin,gentamicin,amikacin,amoxicillin,ofloxacin,fleroxacin,ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol,with the sensitivity rates were all higher than 90％;and they were highly resistance to azithromycin,clarithromycin and bactrim,with the drug resistance rates were all higher than 80％.Conclusion Brucella from bovine and sheep in Xinjiang is sensitive to tetracyclines,aminoglycosides,β-1actams,fluoroquinolones and chloramphenicols.

Objective:To analyze the mutation characteristics of rpoB gene in rifampicin-resistant Brucella strains. Methods:DNA of 4 rifampicin-resistant Brucella strains (JSY-26, G-9, WSY-13 and AW-3) isolated from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was selected, rifampicin rpoB gene was amplified by PCR and its nucleotide sequence was sequenced. The rpoB gene sequences of rifampicin-resistant Brucella standard strain (RB51) and sensitive strain (ALT-8) were used as reference, the mutation sites and types of the rpoB gene inside and outside the rifampicin resistance determination region (RRDR) of the 4 rifampicin-resistant Brucella strains were analyzed by Mega 7.0 software. Results:Through sequence alignment, both JSY-26 and WSY-13 strains underwent a single base point mutation at the RRDR 1 576 bp of the rpoB gene, with the base changing from guanine (G) to adenine (A). The G-9 strain underwent a single base point mutation at the RRDR 1 606 bp of the rpoB gene, with the base changing from cytosine (C) to A. The AW-3 strain showed 5 mutations of 3 types outside rpoB gene RRDR at 2 536, 2 537, 2 626, 2 636 and 2 654 bp, namely 3 insertion mutations [thymine (T) insertion once and C insertion twice], 1 deletion mutation (C deletion), and 1 single base point mutation (from G to C mutation).Conclusion:The RRDR mutations in the rpoB gene of the rifampicin-resistant Brucella strains are mainly characterized by single base point mutations, while multiple insertion and deletion mutations occur outside the RRDR.

Objective:The epidemiological characteristics and drug susceptibility changes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa(PA) infection in the respiratory tract of children in suzhou were analyzed in order to provide guidance and suggestions for the rational use of antibiotics in this region. Methods:Bacterial culture results of nasopharyngeal secretions from 21 176 children admitted to the Department of Respiratory, Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University for respiratory tract infections from January 2008 to December 2017 were collected.According to age, season, underlying disease conditions and the presence of intensive care units (ICU) during the hospitalization, these children were divided into different groups.The epidemic characteristics of PA infection were monitored, and changes in PA drug sensitivity were dynamically observed.Results:Among 21 176 nasopharyngeal secretions from children with respiratory tract infection, 191 cultures were detected with PA, and showing a positive detection rate of 0.90% (191/21 176 cases). The annual detection rate was different.The highest detection rate was 2.24% (50/2 234 cases) in 2009 and the lowest was 0.41% (9/2 207 cases) in 2014.The detection rate of PA in children with in >6 months to 1-year-old group was the highest (1.52%, 53/3 497 cases), and the lowest was 0.57%(11/1 934 cases) in the >5-year-old group.The detection rates of PA in spring, summer, autumn, and winter were 1.11% (60/5 420 cases), 1.21% (61/5 046 cases), 0.81% (46/5 670 cases), and 0.48% (24/5 040 cases), respectively.The difference of PA detection rates between summer (the highest rate) and the winter (the lowest rate) was statistically significant ( χ2=18.611, P<0.001). Among the 21 176 children, 18.89% (4 000/21 176 cases) had basic diseases, and the PA detection rate in such kind of patients was 1.28% (51/4 000 cases), which was higher than that in patients without basic diseases (0.82%, 140/17 176 cases). The PA detection rate in the ICU group was 4.41% (15/340 cases), which was significantly higher than that in the general group (0.84%, 176/20 836 cases) ( χ2=7.678, 47.623, all P<0.05). There were no strains susceptible to Ampicillin, Ampicillin/Sulbactam and compound Sulfamethoxazole, and no strains susceptible to Ceftriaxone from 2010 to 2017.The susceptibility rate to Imipenem was low from 2012 to 2015, and the lowest was only 66.7% in 2014.The sensitivity rate to Aztreonam fluctuated significantly from year to year.Strains were all highly sensitive to Piperacillin, Piperacillin Tazobactam, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Gentamicin, and Tobramycin. Conclusions:PA infection is prone to occur in young children with basic diseases and relatively severe illness.Summer is a high-incidence season.PA is generally highly resistant to commonly used antibiotics.

Objective This study was to assess the efficacy of corneal collagen cross-linking treatment on fungal keratitis.Methods Eighty SPF male C57BL/6 mice aged 6-8 weeks were selected for the experiment.Fusarium solani infected model was established on the left eyes of all 80 mice.Forty mice were distributed randomly into sham operation group,model control group,scraped epithelium group and corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL)group (treated with epithelium scraped and CXL).Three days after modeling,the levels of the corncal disease sevcrity were scored by slit lamp microscopy.The fungal activity was confirmed by plate counts.The left 40 mice were divided randomly into sham operation group,model control group,scraped epithelium group and CXL group (treated with epithelium scraped and CXL).In 1 day and 2,3,4,5,6,7,14 days after modeling,the corneas were examined under the slit lamp microscope.The corneal pathological examination of each group were conducted with hematoxylin and eosin staining at postoperative 14 days.The animal feeding and use was in accordance with the standards set by the ARVO,and the experiment was approved by the Ethic Committee for Experimental Animal of Henan Eye Institute.Results The colony-forming units (CFUs) of fungal solutions in culture significantly decreased with CXL treatment (F =11.97,P =0.00).The Pearson correlation analysis of CFU and clinical scores in CXL group showed that inflammatory cells infiltration was positively correlated with corneal disease severity (r =0.723,P =0.043).Corneal inflammatory score was significantly lower in the CXL group in various time points,with a significant differences among the groups and time points (Fgroup =34.44,P=0.00;Ftime =17.49,P=0.00).Corneal lesion and the depth of ulceration in scraped epithelium group and CXL group were remarkably lower than that in the model control group (all at P ＜ 0.05).Histopathology revealed that the degree of corneal collagen fibers destruction and the ratio of inflammatory cells infiltration in scraped epithelium group (59.33％) and CXL group (11.29％) were much lower than that in the model control group (73.65％).Conclusions CXL can inhibit the fungal activity effectively in the cornea of mice,and reduce the fungal induced keratitis reaction.

Objective:To investigate the epidemic status and molecular characteristics of Borrelia burgdorferi in ticks in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (referred to as Xinjiang). Methods:From April to June 2020, 312 samples of Ixodes were collected in 6 areas of Yili, Alashankou, Hutubi, Qinghe, Fuhai and Wujiaqu, Xinjiang. Nested PCR and fluorescence quantitative PCR were used to detect Borrelia burgdorferi in ticks. The positive samples by both methods were genotyped and identified by nested PCR products. Results:The positive rates of nested PCR and fluorescence quantitative PCR were 8.97% (28/312) and 11.86% (37/312), respectively. Among them, the fluorescence quantitative PCR positive rate of Qinghe was the highest of 35.29% (12/34), and the positive rate of Fuhai was the lowest of 2.00% (1/50). The positive samples by both methods was 26. Genotyping results showed that 12 samples were highly homologous to Borrelia garinii, 10 copies to Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, and 4 copies to Borrelia afzelii. Conclusions:The positive rate of Borrelia burgdorferi in ticks in Xinjiang is higher, which has confirmed that there are 3 pathogenic Borrelia burgdorferi genotypes in Xinjiang. The dominant genotype is Borrelia garinii, followed by Borrelia burgdorgferi sensu stricto genotype and Borrelia afzelii genotype.