AIM　To elucidate the mechanism of taurine-regulated amino acid release from synaptosomes. METHODS　Endogenous aspartate, glutamate and GABA release from cortical synaptosomes were measured by high performance liquid chromatography using stepwise elution system, Glutamate release was monitored by continuous fluorometry. RESULTS　4-Aminopyridine (3.0×10-2 mol*L-1) counteracted the taurine-induced inhibition of glutamate overflow (P<0.05), while aspartate and GABA release was not affected. Nimodipine (10-5 mol*L-1) combined with 4-aminopyridine was shown to decrease glutamate release (P<0.05). CONCLUSION　Taurine may regulate glutamate release through presynaptic L-type calcium channel and aslo act on Asp-and GABA-nereve terminal to regulate Asp and GABA release in rat cortex.

Objective To summarize MRI features of anterior cruciate ligament graft tear and to explore the differences of MRI findings between acute tear and chronic tear, and compare the diagnostic ability of MRI and clinical examinations for graft tear. Methods MR images of 43 patients (44 knees) with anterior cruciate ligament graft tear(40 complete tear, 4 partial tear)confirmed by secondary arthroscopy were retrospectively analyzed. There were 18 acute tear and 26 chronic tear. Primary and secondary signs reported with conventional anterior cruciate ligament tear were adopted to evaluate graft tear. The exact probability method was used to compare the prevalence difference between various direct and indirect signs and the χ2 test was used to compare the accuracy between MRI and physical examination. Results The primary signs in MR images of anterior cruciate ligament graft tear included graft discontinuity in 13 kness, graft thickening with edematous high signal intensity in 12 knees, decreased slope of graft fibers in 6 kness, graft disappearing in 5 knees, and distinct graft atrophy in 3 knees. The secondary signs included kissing bone contusion in 4 knees, posteriorcruciate ligament buckling in 3 knees, increased anterior tibial displacement in 2 knees, bone contusion of the lateral condyle of femur, and bone contusion of thetibia condyle in 1 knee, respectively. There were no significant differences regarding the proportion of each sign between acute and chronic graft tear. Accuracy of MRI, Lachman test, and anterior drawer test were 87.5%(35/40), 95.0%(38/40)and 95.0%(38/40), respectively, which were all significantly higher than that of pivot shift test(42.5%,17/40) with significant differences(χ2=17.80, P<0.0083). Conclusions MRI is sensitive for diagnosing anterior cruciate ligament graft tear, the primary signs is the main evidence for the diagnosis of ACL graft tear, but it is hard to distinguish acute and chronic graft tear based on MR findings. The diagnostic accuracy has no statistically significant differences among MRI, Lachman test, and anterior drawer test, but they are all higher than pivot shift test.

AIM Taurine can regulate Asp、 Glu、 GABA from rat cortical synaptosomes. But its mechanism is unclear. The release regulated effects were investigated through analysis of GABA receptors.METHODS Bicuculline、Phaclofen、Baclofen were added in a Krebs Ringer buffer with resuspended synapotomes.Endogenous Asp、 Glu and GABA release during the 5 min superfusion were measured by high perfusion liquid chromatography using percolumn durivatization with Dans Cl. RESULT Phaclofen,but not bicucullion baclofen, counteracted the inhibition of GABA overflow,although the inhibition of Asp and Glu overflow was not attenuated. CONCLUSION Taurine inhibits the depolarization evoked release of GABA through the activation of presynaptic autoreceptors and taurine also acts on presynaptic sits of Asp Glu nerve terminals to inhibit their evoked release in rat cerebral cotex.

Aim To elucidate the biochemical mechanism of gossypol in inducing the decline of sperm quality.Methods Gossypol was administered orally at the dose of 50 mg?kg-1/2 d for two weeks.Then,the sperm was collected from the left caudal epididymis and was analysed by CASA.The morphological changeand the concentration of nitric oxide(NO)in testes as well as the level of hormone〔follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH)〕,luteotrophic hormone(LH),testosterone(T)in serum were assayed.Results Gossypol could induce the decrease of sperm number and sperm quality.The concentration of NO in testes increased significantly.Among the three kind of hormone,only the concentration of T showed decrease after the oral administration of gossypol.NA1108 could antagonize the decline of sperm quality damaged by gossypol and decrease the content of NO in testes.Conclusions The concentration of NO in testes beyond normal value was one of the toxic mechanism of gossypol that contributed to the inhibition of spermatogenesis.Some drugs with the ability to reduce NO content in testes could also increase sperm quality.

Objective:To investigate the mechanism of Buguozhi Decoction in improving learning-memory of vascular dementia model rats.Methods:The rat models with VaD were established by bilateral occlusion of both common carotid arteries(2 一V0).The gene expressions of ER-?,NR2B were evaluated by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry.Results:Buguozhi Decoction can significantly improve mRNA and protien pruducts of ER-?,NR2B gene in hippocampus of the vascular dementia model rats,compared with the model group(P

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of cognitive impairment in the patients with asymptomatic unilateral severe internal carotid artery stenosis (ICAS). Methods A total of 80 patients with unilateral severe carotid stenosis (stenosis rate ≥70%)and 40 patients without carotid stenosis (control group)diagnosed by digital substract angiography (DSA)were analyzed retrospectively. According to the stenotic sides,the patients with severe ICAS were divided into a left stenosis group and a right stenosis group (n = 40 in each group). The North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET)criteria were used to grade the degree of stenosis. Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA)was used to evaluate the cognitive function of the patients,and then the cognitive function of the patients in 3 groups was assessed. Results The MoCA total scores,visuospatial and executive functions,and language ability,and delayed memory scores of the patients in both left and right groups were lower than those of the control group. There were significant differences (21. 8 ± 3. 1,3. 4 ± 1. 3,1. 8 ± 0. 6,and 1. 6 ± 1. 3,respec-tively in the left stenosis group;22. 6 ± 2. 5,3. 5 ± 1. 1,1. 9 ± 0. 6,and 1. 7 ± 1. 4,respectively in the right stenosis group;and 26. 4 ± 1. 8,4. 2 ± 0. 9,2. 7 ± 0. 6,and 3. 8 ± 1. 0,respectively in the control group;all P < 0. 01). There were no significant differences in naming,attention,abstract ability,orientation ability scores compared with the control group (all P > 0. 05). There were no significant differences in the MoCA total scores and each single test score of the patients between the left stenosis and the right stenosis groups (P > 0. 05). Conclusion The patients with asymptomatic unilateral severe ICAS have cognitive impairment generally;it is characterized by delay memory,visuospatial and executive functions,and language dysfunction.

Aim To explore new ways for developing anticancer drugs by the separation of pigment from Fu-sarium species JN158 ( Fusarium sp JN158 ) , the iden-tification of its structure, the screening of anticancer components and the study of its partial mechanism. Methods Pigment separation was done by HPLC, structural analysis by UV, IR, NMR, the screening of anticancer activity by MTT. Western blot was used to analyze the protein expression of CyclinD1, NF-κB, VEGF in tumor cells. Results The results showed that the pigment from Fusarium produced a total of six different peaks, of which peak Ⅵ was the anthocya-nins. Its molecular weight is about 382, molecular for-mula is C17 H18 O10 . According to investigation, this pig-ment was probably a new compound, which could in-hibit the proliferation of MCF-7 cells markedly ( IC50:0.011mmol·L-1 ,P<0.05;the control medicine ube-nimex IC50:10 mmol · L-1 ) in a concentration-de-pendent manner, and had no effect on human umbilical cord intravenous endotheliocyte ( HUVEC ) . The influ-ence on the gene expression of CyclinD1, NF-κB, VEGF in MCF-7 cells varied with the concentration of this compound. The Western blot results showed that VI pigment compound inhibited CyclinD1, NF-κB, VEGF gene expression (P<0.05 or 0. 01),compared with the control group. Conclusion The Ⅵ pigment compound from Fusarium sp JN158 could inhibit MCF-7 proliferation by inhibiting CyclinD1, NF-κB, VEGF gene expression. The compound may be a promising compound against breast cancer.

Aim To observe the effect of mineralocor-ticoid receptor blockade eplerenone on cell proliferation in obstructed kidney of rats. Methods Renal intersti-tial fibrotic animals were made with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and treated with eplerenone100 mg · kg - 1 · d - 1 . The kidneys were harvested on the 10th day and proliferating cell nuclear antigen ( PC-NA ), serum and glucocorticoid induced kinase-1 (SGK-1 ) and transforming growth factor-β1 ( TGF-β1 ) were detected with immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Results Renal histopathology showed large quantities extracellular matrix (ECM) accumula-tion in kidney with UUO, large numbers of inflammato-ry cells infiltrated in renal interstitium, renal tubular expansion and exfoliation of epithelial cells . The cell proliferation and ECM accumulation were inhibited in eplerenone treated rats significantly. Immunohisto-chemistry and Western blot showed that expressions of PCNA,SGK-1 and TGF-β1 were significantly up-regu-lated with UUO and down-regulated by eplerenone. Conclusion Eplerenone plays the role in inhibiting the cell proliferation and reducing ECM accumulation by down-regulating expression of SGK-1 pathway in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction.

Objective To analyze clinicopathological characteristics and the potential risk-related factors of female breast hyperplasia in different age groups.Method From Jan 2015 to Dec 2016,patients diagnosed with breast hyperplasia in 12 hospitals were evaluated.All patients completed the self-designed questionnaires on women'health,including basic demographic information,clinic examination information,radiologic information and pathologic results.The patients were divided into a young group (＜ 45 years old) and an elderly group (from 45 to 75 years old).Results There were 3 684 cases of breast hyperplasia,including 2 291 cases in young group and 1 393 cases in elder group,respectively Clinically breast pain type were most commonly observed in both young and older groups (50.3％ vs.42.7％,P ＜ 0.001).While pathological research based on biopsy showed that breast adenopathy were the most common changes in both groups (67.9％ vs.61.7％,P ＜0.001).More breast cancer cases were identified in elder group than that in young group,especially in clinically lump type patients (9.4％ vs.4.2％,P ＜ 0.001).Compared with elder group,patients in young group have different distribution characteristics regarding to fertility factors,lifestyle factors and psychology scale including anxiety and depression.Conclusion Distributions of clinicopathological characteristics and risk factors of female breast hyperplasia differ across different age groups.

Objective:Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) rat model was establish to observe the effects of iodine excess on thyroid function, antibody and thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) gene expression in EAT rats, and to explore the role of TSHR gene in autoimmune thyroiditis.Methods:According to body weight (80 - 180 g), 48 rats (4-week-old female Lewis) were randomly divided into control group, thyroglobulin (TG) group, TG + high iodine Ⅰ(TG + HⅠ) group, and TG + high iodine Ⅱ (TG + HⅡ) group, 12 rats per group. The iodine concentration in drinking water given to each group was 50 μg/L, 50 μg/L, 20 mg/L and 200 mg/L, respectively. At the same time, rats in TG, TG + HⅠ and TG + HⅡ groups were immunized once every two weeks for three times using pTg and CFA as immunoreagent. Paraffin embedded sections of thyroid tissues were used to observe the pathological changes of rats. The serum levels of thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), thyroperoxidase autoantibody (TPOAb), free triiodothyronine (FT 3) and free thyroxine (FT 4) in rats were determined by radioimmunoassay. Serum TSHR content in rats was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of TSHR mRNA in whole blood and thyroid tissue of rats was determined by RT-PCR. The expression of TSHR protein in thyroid tissue of rats was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results:Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) showed that the thyroid follicles in control group were complete in structure and regular in shape, and no lymphocyte infiltration was observed. A small number of lymphocytes were observed in TG group and scattered in distribution. Follicular structure destruction, fusion and interfollicular infiltration were observed in TG + HⅠ group and TG + HⅡ group. There were significant differences in serum TgAb, TPOAb, FT 3 and FT 4 levels among all groups ( H = 30.28, 21.99, 12.87, 26.69, P < 0.05). Compared to the control group [6.89 (6.32, 7.27), 11.02 (7.60, 12.53), 5.05 (2.71, 7.99), 7.51 (6.50, 9.24) pmol/L], the levels of TgAb [34.99 (25.39, 41.35), 37.70 (29.06, 43.99), 46.41 (38.52, 55.26)], TPOAb [22.87 (13.65, 31.82), 22.22 (14.82, 28.33), 14.61 (12.95, 19.34)], FT 3 [57.74 (24.56, 64.27), 43.64 (5.69, 80.03), 38.56 (17.73, 47.59) pmol/L], and FT 4 [62.16 (41.22, 91.57), 60.61 (35.52, 103.31), 47.96 (31.84, 112.71) pmol/L] were significantly higher in TG group, TG + HⅠ group, and TG + HⅡ group ( P < 0.05). Compared with the control group [(249.37 ± 38.12) μU/L], TG group [(225.33 ± 41.28) μU/L], and TG + HⅠ group [(218.15 ± 65.51) μU/L], TSHR expression level in TG + HⅡ group [(154.26 ± 25.95) μU/L] were significantly decreased ( P < 0.05). The mRNA expression levels of TSHR gene in the whole blood (0.89 ± 0.19, 0.89 ± 0.30, 0.85 ± 0.24) and thyroid tissue(0.63 ± 0.25, 0.46 ± 0.16, 0.51 ± 0.25) of TG group, TG + HⅠ group and TG + HⅡ group were significantly lower than that of control group (1.00 ± 0.05, 1.13 ± 0.21, P < 0.05). IHC showed that the positive intensity of TSHR protein in control group was significantly higher than that in TG group, TG + HⅠ group and TG + HⅡ group. Conclusions:Long-term exposure to high iodine will eventually lead to the damage of iodine-uptake function in thyroid gland and thyroid diseases. Abnormal expression of TSHR gene may lead to antigenicity of thyrotropin binding site in extracellular receptor region and autoimmune thyroid disease.