Objective To identify rodent residues using DNA barcoding technology in plague areas of Shaanxi and to analyze the feasibility of DNA barcoding method.Methods DNA extraction,PCR,electrophoresis and sequence determination and alignment were used to determine the cytochrome C oxidase Ⅰ (COI) gene sequence from 62 residues of 7 species identified by morphology in 8 different parts.COI gene sequence was analyzed using BLAST software of American National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) for sequence homology comparison and the phylogenetic tree was constructed by using the neighbor joining(NJ)method of COI gene sequence.Results In addition to the hair,CO I genes of the feet,the tail,the fur,the muscle,the ribs,the ear,and the eye were amplified,respectively,and the size of amplified fragment was similar to the size of the product with an expected fragment(700 bp),and the fragment was a single band.COI genes of 59 residue specimen were obtained by DNA sequencing and there were high degree of homologies between CO I gene sequences of Meriones unguiculatus,Cricetulus barabensis,Meriones meridianus,Dipus sagitta,Phodopus roborovskii,Rattus norvegicus and Allactaga sibirica and their corresponding host genes in NCBI(99.0％,98.1％,99.8％,98.9％,99.5％,99.1％,98.3％).NJ method showed that 7 NJ phylogenetic trees were constructed with COI sequence of 59 species residues.The CO I sequences of same rodent with different residues were clustered into one group.Condusion DNA barcoding technology can identify host animal residues in plague areas,and the identification results are reliable.

BACKGROUND:The structure surrounding upper thoracic spine is complicated. Transverse diameter of pedicle was relatively smal . There were important organs in front of the vertebral body. Screws deviated from axis or screws were too long. The safety and effectiveness of screw implantation were not implemented. It is necessary to understand the key structure of surroundings. OBJECTIVE:To analyze the relationship of anatomic position between the axis of screw of pedicle of upper thoracic spine and key adjacent structure of the vertebral body. METHODS:A total of 30 healthy adult volunteers received T 1-T 4 pedicle axis paral el to CT scans. The positions of esophagus, trachea position, aortic arch, carotid and vertebral arteries were observed when the pedicle screw was implanted along the pedicle axis. The shortest distance on both sides of a vertebral pedicle axis from these structures was measured. Paired t-test was utilized for analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:240 measurement parameters were analyzed. The distance from the left pedicle axis on T 1-3 to esophagus was smal , and the left pedicle on T 2 was minimal. The distance from the right pedicle axis on T 2-4 to trachea was smal . The distance from right pedicle axis on T 3 , T 4 to right main bronchus was smal . Carotid and vertebral artery did not show the risk of injury. 62%of the patients were in the aortic arch on T 4 plane, and no risk of damage was found. These results indicated that the left pedicle screws were easy to damage the esophagus, and the right pedicle screw was easy to damage trachea. Carotid artery, vertebral artery and aortic arch were not easy to be damaged. The anatomic position of easily damaged structure could be identified by careful analysis of CT data before screw implantation in the pedicle of upper thoracic spine.

Objective To evaluate the role of renal cell apoptosis in acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by sepsis in mice. Methods Forty-five male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned into 3 groups ( n = 15 each):sham operation group (group S), cecum ligation and puncture group (group CLP) and CLP + caspase-3 inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CHO group (group CI). Intra-abdominal infection was induced by CLP. Ac-DEVD-CHO 4 μg/g was infused subcutaneously 30 min before CLP in group CI. Five mice in each group were sacrificed after collection of blood samples at 6, 12 and 24 h after CLP. The levels of serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr)were detected. The apoptosis rate and expression of caspase-3 protein and caspase-3 mRNA were determined.Pathological changes in renal tissues were observed with light microscope. Results The serum BUN and Cr concentratiors, apoptosis rate and expression of caspase-3 mRNA and caspase-3 protein were significantly higher in group CLP than in group S, but lower in group CI than in group CLP ( P ＜ 0.05). Light microscopic examination showed that the pathologic changes induced by Ac-DEVD-CHO were less severe in group CI than in group CLP.Conclusion The renal cell apoptosis is one of the mechanism of AKI induced by sepsis.

Objective To apply DNA barcoding technology for exploring its taxonomic status and differences in the molecular biology of Cricetulus barabensis in Shaanxi Province.Methods Sixty-five samples of Cricetulus barabensis were collected from Dingbian,Jingbian Counties in northern of Shaanxi and Dali County in Guanzhong plain (Dingbian 58 samples,Jingbian 2 samples,and Dali 5 samples).According to the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I gene (CO I) sequence,the genetic distance was calculated and Neighbor-Joining tree was constructed.Results The genetic distance between two samples (13.16,13.21) and other 56 samples of Dingbian was 9.2％-10.0％.The genetic distance between the 56 samples of Dingbian and Jingbian was less than 1％ and Dali was 7.2％-8.3％;the average intraspecific genetic distance of Jingbian and Dali was less than 1％.The Neighbor-Joining tree showed that all the Cricetulus barabensis samples from the three counties were separated into two large branches.The samples of 13.16,13.21 from Dingbian together were classified into a class and the rest of the samples into another separate branch.At the same time,other samples from Dingbian except 13.16,13.21 and Jingbian were distributed in a small branch,and Dali samples were occupied another small branch.Conclusion Using the DNA barcoding technology,we have determined three subspecies of Cricetulus barabensis in Shaanxi Province,Dingbian has two kinds and Dali has a different subspecies.

Objective To observe and explore the effects of different tidal volume (VT) ventilation on right ventricular (RV) function in patients with critical respiratory failure.Methods Consecutive respiratory failure patients who were treated with invasive ventilator over 24 h in the Department of Critical Care Medicine at the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University from June to December in 2015 were enrolled in this study.Clinical data including patients′ vital signs, ventilator parameters and RV echocardiography were collected within 6 h (D0), day1(D1), day2 (D2) and day3 (D3) after ventilation started.According to the VT, patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) were assigned to low VT group [S6, ≤6 ml/kg predicted body weight (PBW)] and high VT group (L6, >6 ml/kg PBW), while non-ARDS patients were also assigned to low VT group (S8, ≤8 ml/kg PBW) and high VT group (L8, >8 ml/kg PBW).Results A total of 84 patients were enrolled in this study.44.2% ARDS patients and 58.5% non-ARDS patients were in low VT groups.After ventilation, tricuspid annulus plane systolic excursion(TAPSE)decreased progressively in S6 [from 18.30(16.70,20.70) mm to 17.55(15.70,19.50) mm, P=0.001], L6 [from 19.50(17.00,21.00) mm to 16.30(15.00,18.00) mm P=0.001], S8[from 18.00(16.00,21.00) mm to 16.50(15.50,18.00) mm, P=0.001] and L8 [from 19.00(17.50,21.50) mm to 16.35(15.15,17.00) mm, P=0.001] groups.However, TAPSE decreased less in small VT groups (S6 and S8) than those of in large VT groups (S8 and L8) without significant differences.There were not statistical differences between different VT groups in terms of ventilation days, including right ventricle area/left ventricle area (RVarea/LVarea),TAPSE,peak mitral flow velocity of the early rapid filling wave (E),peak mitral flow velocity of the late rapid filling wave (A),early diastolic velocity of the tricuspid annulus (e′),pulmonary artery systolic pressure,inferior vena cava diameter (all P>0.05).Compared to L6 group, low VT (S6 group) resulted in decreased mortality at 28 days [1/19 vs 37.5%(9/24), P=0.014].There were not statistical differences between different VT groups in terms of ventilation days, length of intensive care unit stay, length of hospital stay (all P>0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that VT could be the independent factor of TAPSE (OR=1.104,95%CI 0.100-1.003,P=0.049).Conclusions Positive pressure mechanical ventilation resulted in RV systolic dysfunction.Lower VT may have the protective effect on RV function.Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry,ChiCTR-POC-15007563.

Objective To study the changes of plasma cystatin C level (PcyC),and evaluate the effects of the joint use of atorvastatin and probucol on PcyC and severity of coronary lesion in patients with borderline lesion of coronary artery.Methods One hundred and thirty consecutive patients with borderline coronary lesion assessed by quantitative coronary angiography were enrolled into borderline coronary lesion group (BCL),and another 136 subjects without coronary lesion were enrolled as controls (CTR).And in the meantime,the subjects in BCL group were randomized (closed envelope method) into routine treatment subgroup ( RTT,n =60),and combined treatment subgroup in which patients were treated with atorvastatin 20 mg plus probucol 1.0 g daily in addition to routine medication ( CBT,n =70) for 6 months.There were no statistical differences in basic clinical features between two subgroups.PcyC,high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP),total cholesterol (TC),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) and triglycerides (TG) were determined.Of them,104 patients in BCL group rechecked by coronary angiography.Comparison of biomarkers carried out between two groups by using a number of independent-sample t-test and analysis of variance.For enumeration data,chi-square test was used to compare mean values of biomarkers between groups. P ＜ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results PcyC levels were significantly higher in BCL group than those in CTR group ( P ＜ 0.05 ).Compared with RTT subgroup,levels of PcyC,TC,LDL-C,TG and hs-CRP were more significantly decreased in CBT subgroup (P ＜ 0.05,P ＜ 0.01 ).Moreover,there was a trend of slight decrease in the mean percent of stenosis (MPS) of coronary artery with borderline lesion in RTT subgroup treated for 6 months,whereas more marked decrease in the MPS of coronary artery with borderline coronary lesion in CBT subgroup treated for 6 months ( P ＞ 0.05 ; P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusions Cystatin C plays an important role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery,and PcyC is associated with severity of coronary lesion,the combination of atorvastatin and probucol decreases the PcyC level,and it may be the treatment of choice for borderline lesion of coronary artery.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the effect of comprehensive intervention mode on the rational use of Ribonucleic acid Ⅱ for injection,and to provide reference for the management of adjuvant drugs for cancer therapy.METHODS:The rational use of ribonucleic acid Ⅱ was interfered by establishing evaluation criteria,reviewing medical record,establishing tumor therapy adjuvant management work group,classifying drug prescription right,examining and approving off-label drug use,strengthening the assessment and training,clinical pharmacists intervention.The utilization of ribonucleic acid Ⅱ was analyzed statistically in our hospital during Apr.-Jun.2015 (before intervention),Jul.-Sept.2015 (after the first intervention),Oct.-Dec.2015 (after the second intervention) and Jan.-Mar.2016 (after the third intervention).RESULTS:The reasonable rate of Ribonucleic acid Ⅱ for injection was 77.34％ before intervention,and 83.25％,83.64％,95.12％ after the first,second and third intervention respectively;the difference was statistically significant compared to before intervention (P＜0.05).The irrational types included inappropriate indications,unsuitable treatment course,inappropriate usage and dosage,and unsuitable drug combination,etc.The percentage of these irrational types decreased from 2.96％,4.93％,13.79％ and 0.99％ before intervention to 1.63％,0,3.25％ and 0 after the third intervention,respectively.The utilization rate of Ribonucleic acid Ⅱ for injection was reduced from 8.81％ before intervention to 3.93％ after the third intervention,the differences were statically significant (P＜0.05).CONCLUSIONS:The comprehensive intervention model combined with multiple intervention methods can promote the rational use of Ribonucleic acid Ⅱ for injection.It is suggested to further study and evaluate the intervention effect of this model on other adjuvant drugs for cancer therapy.

Objective To evaluate the accuracy of color Doppler in predicting acute kidney injury ( AKI) . Methods Patients of both sexes with AKI risk factors not diagnosed with AKI, aged ≥18 yr, were enrolled in this study. Within 1 h after inclusion, the renal blood flow ( RBF) grade was monitored u-sing color Doppler, and renal resistive index ( RRI) value of renal interlobar artery was monitored at the level of renal interlobar or arcuate arteries, and corrected RRI value was calculated. The development of AKI was recorded within 24 h through measuring serum creatinine and urine volume, and the receiver oper-ating characteristic curve was plotted. Results Thirty-eight patients were included in non-AKI group and 40 ones in AKI group. Compared with non-AKI group, RBF grade was significantly decreased, RRI value was increased ( P<0. 05) , and no significant change was found in the corrected RRI value in AKI group ( P>0. 05) . The area under the curve of RBF grade and RRI value in predicting AKI occurred within 24 h and 95％ confidence interval were 0. 659 ( 0. 561-0. 747) and 0. 669 ( 0. 572-0. 756) , respectively. Con-clusion Color Doppler has a certain value in predicting AKI within 24 h.

Objective To apply the DNA barcoding technology for identification on host animal and to establish the host animal DNA bar code database on natural foci of plague in Shaanxi.Methods 139 host animals belonging to 3 orders,6 families and 12 genera and 62 residues belonging to 7 species from 8 different parts of the province,were detected.DNA barcoding technology was used to analyze the DNA CO Ⅰ gene sequence on the natural foci of plague in Dingbian county.Results The intra-specific genetic distance was less than 2％ while the inter-specific distance ranged from 8.9％ to 15.1％.Fourteen major clusters were apparently showed on a Neighbor-Joining tree.Residue samples could be detected regarding the objective gene.Alashan ground squirrel was previously noticed to carry 14 major clusters,which were previously mistakenly named as Citellus dauricus in Dingbian county.Conclusion DNA barcoding technology could overcome the shortcomings caused by the morphological identification so could be used to identify the host animal and residues in the natural focus of plague.

Objective:To analyze the correlation between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 reservoir and poor immune reconstitution of HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, and to investigate the influence of HIV-1 reservoir on the immune reconstitution.Methods:Cross-sectional survey was conducted to measure HIV-1 RNA and T lymphocyte subsets from 219 patients with HIV/AIDS who had been treated with anti-retroviral therapy (ART) for more than two years with HIV RNA lower than the limit of detection. Among them, there are 195 patients from the Sixth People′s Hospital of Zhengzhou, 12 patients from Shangqiu Municipal Hospital and 12 patients from Zhoukou Infectious Diseases Hospital. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected and HIV-1 DNA was detected. The measurement data of normal distribution were analyzed by two independent sample t-test. The measurement data of skewness distribution were analyzed by rank sum test. Spearman′s rank correlation was used for correlation analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to predict the predictive value of occurrence of poor immune reconstitution AIDS patients. Results:There were 121 patients with poor immune reconstitution and 98 patients with healthy immune reconstitution. HIV-1 DNA was (2.50±0.52) copies/1×10 6 PBMC in the group with poor immune reconstitution, which was significantly higher than the healthy immune reconstitution group ((2.11±0.66) copies/1×10 6 PBMC, t=4.78, P<0.001). The CD4 + T lymphocyte counts in the group with poor immune reconstitution was 192(139, 227)/μL, which was lower than that in the healthy immune reconstitution group (573(457, 730)/μL). The difference was statistically significant ( Z=12.68, P<0.001). HIV-1 DNA was reversely correlated with CD4 + T lymphocyte counts and CD4 + /CD8 + T lymphocyte ratio (after adjusting the influence of age and ART time, r=-0.277 and -0.316, respectively, both P<0.001). The area of ROC curve for HIV-1 DNA to predict poor immune reconstitution was 0.679(95% confidence interval ( CI) 0.604 to 0.750). The HIV-1 DNA threshold value was 100 copies/1×10 6 PBMC with the sensitivity of 90.13% and specificity of 42.91%. The area of ROC curve of CD4 + /CD8 + T lymphocyte ratio to predict poor immune reconstitution was 0.905 (95% CI 0.863 to 0.942). The threshold value of CD4 + /CD8 + T lymphocyte ratio was 0.536 with the sensitivity of 77.68% and specificity of 89.84%. Conclusions:There is correlation between HIV-1 DNA and poor immune reconstitution in HIV/AIDS patients. The value of HIV-1 DNA higher than 100 copies/1×10 6 PBMC and CD4 + /CD8 + T lymphocyte ratio lower than 0.536 could be used as predictor of poor immune reconstitution.