OBJECTIVEThis study aims to evaluate the bond strength of a self-adhesive resin cement to dentin by ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and NaClO.

METHODSTwenty-seven freshly extracted non-carious human premolars were prepared to expose the buccal dentin and randomly divided into three groups: control group (A group), EDTA group (B group) and NaClO group (C group). All teeth were bonded to dentin using a self-adhesive resin cement after the teeth in the A group were processed with distilled water. The B and C group were processed with 3%EDTA and 1%NaClO, respectively. After 24 hours at 37 °C water, the shear bond strengths of the twenty-four specimens were measured. All statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 17.0 software package. Each fractured specimen was examined under dental microscope. Three new specimens were cut, and the morphologies of the cement-dentin interface were observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM).

RESULTSThe shear bond strength in the A group, B group and C group was (8.55±0.63), (8.47±0.56) and (12.97± 0.59) MPa, respectively. The difference between A group and B group was no statistically significant (P>0.05), whereas the difference between C group and B group (or A group) was statistically significant (P<0.05). SEM observation of the cement-dentin interface in the C group showed good adaptation, but resin tags were not observed. The other two groups showed poor bonding interface. Most of the fractured adhesive dentin surfaces exhibited cohesive failure in the A group and B group. All the fractured adhesive dentin surfaces exhibited cohesive failure in the C group.

CONCLUSION1% NaClO can increase the bond strength of self-adhesive resin cement to dentin, but 3%EDTA has no effect.

Adhesives ; Dental Bonding ; Dental Stress Analysis ; Dentin ; chemistry ; Dentin-Bonding Agents ; Detergents ; chemistry ; Humans ; Resin Cements

Objective To evaluate the outcome of Titanium Elatic Intramedullary Nail (TEINs) for treatment of lengthunstable femoral shaft fracture of children.Methods Retrospectively analyze the data of total of 21 children with length-unstable femoral shaft fractures,from December 2011 to June 2014,were treated with TEINs and end caps.This study involved 15 boys and 6 girls,with age ranged from 5 years and 6 months to 10 years and 10 months,whose average age was 7 years and 5 months.Firstly children were treated with traction for 3-7 days,with traction weight of 1/4 to 1/6 of the weight.After that,shortening and angular deformity were significantly corrected.Then surgeries of close reduction and internal fixation with TEINs were done in general anesthesia.TEINs were supported with double nail C shape.The lateral tip of TEIN located near the epiphyseal plate of greater trochanter,and the medial tip near the epiphyseal plate of femur head.Cut the tail of TEINs,set and screw the end caps into cortex,keeping the tail of TEINs and fracture fixed.Spica casting was used for 4 weeks after operation.The last follow-up time was 2 years,and the follow up results were analyzed.Results 21 children were followed up ranged from 22 to 26 months,with the mean follow up 23.4 months.Remove the spica casting and bear loading at 4 weeks after operation.All fractures healed,with healing time of 5 to 8 weeks (an average of 6.2 weeks).At the last follow-up,the limb force line was good with no angular deformity.Femur overgrew 4.2-21.1 mm,with an average of 6.1 mm.At the last follow-up,the patients were evaluated with Harris score,and the excellent and good rate was 100％.No case of TEINs push-out,limited hip mobility,fracture nonunion,delayed healing or other complications was found.Only 1 case got a mild lameness.All parents were satisfied with their outcome.Conclution TEINs and end caps are effective methods for the length-unstable femoral shaft fracture in children.These results indicated that the risk of TEINs push-out can be reduced.

Objective:To investigate the effect of piggyBac transpon,as a carrier of four defined transcription factors Oct4,Sox2,Klf4 and c-Myc,in the reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs)to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).Methods:The MEFs were isolated from Oct4-GFP fetal mice and transfected by piggyBac transposon with four factors (Oct4,Sox2,Klf4 and c-Myc).The morphological changes of clones were traced with microscope during the process of induction.The chromosomes were analyzed to evaluate the karyotypic variation of iPSCs.The mRNA expressions of Oct4, Nanog and FGF4 associated with embryonic stem cells (ESCs)in the iPSCs of mice were tested by RT-PCR;the protein expressions of SSEA-1,Nanog and Alkaline phosphatase in the iPSCs of mice were determined by flow cytometry,immunofluorescence and AP staining.The iPSCs were transplanted into the NOD-SCID mouse groin,4 weeks later,the teratomas were removed for HE staining and the differentiation of tissue was observed.Results:The iPSCs were successfully obtained from MEFs by piggyBac carrying Oct4,Sox2,Klf4,and c-Myc.The round or oval iPSCs clones were similar to ESCs with clear boundry and large dense nuleus.The iPSCs showed the normal karyotypic and expressed the marker genes (Oct4,Nanog and FGF4)and proteins (SSEA-1,Nanog and AP)of ESCs.Teratomas containing three germ layers were formed in NOD-SCID mice after tanspalantation of iPSCs.Conclusion:The iPSCs are reprogrammed from MEFs by piggyBac transposon with four transcription factors-Oct4,Sox2,Klf4 and c-Myc,and the iPSCs with normal karyotype possess the characteristics of ESCs.

Objective:To explore the functional mechanism of moxibustion and its enlightenment to the design and manufacture of moxibustion apparatus.Methods:The functional mechanism of moxibustion is explored from its pharmaceutical properties,warming stimulation,spectrum,radiation features,and penetrating effects of moxa products.Result:The mechanism of moxibustion is a combined action of moxa'medicinal properties,warming effect and non-thermal effect.Conclusion:It is necessary to combine with the functional mechanism to design and manufacture moxibustion apparatus.

Objective To compare the early treatment results of Pavlik harness and closed reduction plus spica cast?ing in treating developmental dislocation of the hips (DDH). Methods The patients with GrafⅢ/Ⅳtype DDH diagnosed by ul?trasound in our hospital were analyzed retrospectively from January 2009 to December 2013. The subjects with intact clinical and radiologic data and more than 2 years follow?up were included. The present study included 257 patients (298 hips), 31 male and 226 female, with the average age of 74.1±39.2 d (from 30 to 159 d). Pavlik harness underwent in 190, while 67 cases were treated with closed reduction plus spica casting. Acetabular index (AI), Wiberg OE angle (point O was the middle point of proximal me?taphyseal border) and Smith instability index (SI, SI?c:the lateral displacement index, SI?h:the vertical displacement index) on the pelvic X?ray film at 2-3 years of age after successful early treatment were recorded. Femoral head avascular necrosis (AVN) was diagnosed according to the Salter criteria. Results The success rate of reduction of closed reduction was significantly higher than Pavlik harness (97.5% vs. 69.9%, χ2=0.353, P=0.000). There was no significant difference in the incidence of AVN be?tween the closed reduction and Pavlik harness (6.6% vs. 4.6%, χ2=0.106, P=0.745). For GrafⅢ type DDH, the success rate of reduction of Pavlik harness and closed reduction were 80.7% and 98.4% respectively (χ2=11.248, P=0.001), while the Pavlik harness group had significantly worse results of AI, OE and SI?c at the age of 2-3 years (Pavlik harness: 22.9°±3.7°, 16.5°± 6.3° and 0.74 ± 0.06; closed reduction: 21.4° ± 3.4° , 18.9° ± 3.6° and 0.72 ± 0.03; P<0.05). For GrafⅣ type DDH, the success rate of reduction of Pavlik harness was much less than closed reduction (25.6% vs. 94.4%, χ2=24.231, P=0.001), with signifi?cantly worse results of OE at the age of 2-3 years (16.0°±4.1° vs. 18.6°±4.5°, t=-2.141, P=0.038). Conclusion Pavlik har?ness has limitations in treating GrafⅢ/Ⅳtype DDH, with lower success rate of reduction for GrafⅣtype DDH. Closed reduction plus spica casting has better clinical results than Pavlik harness in success rate of reduction and subsequent hip development with? out the additional risk of AVN.

PurposePrimary chest wall rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is very rare with limited imaging characteristic studies in the literature. This paper analyzes the CT imaging features of chest wall RMS in children to improve the diagnostic accuracy.Materials and MethodsThe imaging data of contrast enhanced CT scan of pathology conifrmed chest wall RMS in ifve children were analyzed.ResultsThe lesion was located in the anterior chest wall in one case, in the posterior chest wall in two cases, and the lateral chest wall in two cases (axillary). The tumors were round or spindle in shape with shallow spiculation. Plain CT showed heterogeneous density with patchy low-density necrotic area in two cases, and homogeneous attenuation in three patients. In all ifve cases there was no calciifcation or fatty tissue. The tumor involvement of adjacent spinal canal was seen in one case. Visceral compression was evident including lung parenchyma in one case, heart and liver in one case. Tumor blood vessel growth was seen in two cases. All ifve lesions were adjacent to the ribs, humerus, scapula and the spine with bone destruction in one case. On contrast enhanced scan, all ifve cases demonstrated heterogeneous mild to moderate enhancement, more prominent in the periphery. There were enlarged feeding arteries. Necrotic areas did not enhance. In two cases there were pulmonary metastases. Pleural effusion and ascites were identiifed in one case. There was lymph node metastasis in one case.ConclusionThe CT manifestation of children's chest wall RMS for chest wall include large soft tissue mass, heterogeneous density, no calciifcation or fatty tissue, partial necrosis, adjacent tissue compression, lymph node or distant metastasis. Combining with clinical manifestations, comprehensive analysis of contrast enhanced CT imaging can improve diagnostic accuracy.

Objective To study the effects of self-management of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) on the function and quality of life in old patients. Methods From October 2011 to April 2012, 100 patients with KOA from 2 communities in Tangshan, Hebei were recruited, and were as control group and intervention group based on the community. The intervention group learned a KOA self-management course, which consisted of 6 classes of 1.5 to 2 hours, once a week, taught by health professionals. The control group read the KOA self-management handbook only. They were measured with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale 2nd version- Short Form (AIMS2- SF) before and 6 months after intervention. Results The score of WOMAC and AIMS2-SF improved more in the intervention group than in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion The KOA self-management program is effective on function and quality of life in old patients with KOA in community.

Aim To investigate the effect of gelsemium alkaloids on chloride channels and cell volume in he-patic carcinoma cells. Methods The time-lapse live cell imaging and whole-cell patch clamp techniques were used respectively to detect the volume changes and currents induced by gelsemium alkaloids in HepG2 cells. Results It was found that the cell volume was decreased by (12. 48 ± 2. 2) % (P<0. 01) when ex-posed to gelsemium alkaloids for 50 min and this phe-nomenon could be inhibited by the chloride channel blocker tamoxifen. It was shown by whole-cell patch clamping that a chloride current could be evoked by extracellular application of gelsemium alkaloids ( 2μmol·L-1 ) . The current was outward-rectified with-out obvious voltage- and time-dependent inactivation. The reversal potential of the current was ( -3. 21 ± 0. 67) mV ,which was close to the equilibrium poten-tial of chloride. The extracellular application of the chloride blockers, tamoxifen and 5-notro-2-(3-phenyl-propylamino)benzoic acid (NPPB), and 47% hyper-tonic solution inhibited the current significantly ( P <0. 01 ) . Conclusion Gelsemium alkaloids could acti-vate chloride channels and induce a volume decrease ( named apoptotic volume decrease, AVD) , and these effect could be inhibited by chloride channel blockers. The results suggest that the chloride channel can be one of the targets of gelsemium alkaloids in their anti-cancer action.

[ ABSTRACT] AIM:To investigate the effect of the overexpression of voltage-gated chloride channel family protein 3 ( ClC-3) gene on bones of mice .METHODS: The tail gene detection assay was used to confirm the overexpression of ClC-3.The male FVB mice of three months old were divided into two groups , the wild type ( WT) group and the ClC-3 overexpressed (ClC-3 transgene) group.The body weight, length and weight of the right tibias were measured .The upper and middle parts of the tibias were dissected , decalcified, paraffin-imbed, sectioned and stained with HE staining .The bone morphology metrology was used to analyze the changes of bone structures .The percent trabecular area (%Tb.Ar), trabecular number ( Tb.N) , trabecular width ( Tb.Wi) and trabecular separation ( Tb.Sp) of cancellous bone in the upper part of the tibia were measured.The total tissue area (T.Ar), cortical area (Ct.Ar), percent cortical area (%Ct.Ar), marrow area ( Ma.Ar) and percent marrow area (%Ma.Ar) of the cortical bone in the middle part of the tibia were detec-ted .RESULTS:The wild type mice and the ClC-3-overexpressed mice were verified by the tail gene detection assay . Compared with WT group , the body weight and the length and weight of the tibia were decreased in ClC -3 transgene mice (P<0.05).In the cancellous bones of ClC-3 transgene mice, the%Tb.Ar and Tb.Wi were decreased (P<0.05), the Tb.Sp was increased (P<0.05) and the Tb.N was not significantly changed .In the cortical bones of ClC-3 transgene mice, the T.Ar, Ct.Ar and%Ct.Ar were decreased (P<0.05), the%Ma.Ar was increased (P<0.05), and the Ma. Ar was not significantly changed .CONCLUSION:ClC-3 overexpression may lead to the reduction of the bone mass and the destructure of the cancellous and cortical bones .The results suggest that ClC-3 may be involved in the regulation of bone resorption and/or formation.

AIM: To investigate the role of chloride channels in the apoptosis of human poorly differentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE-2Z cells induced by arsenic trioxide (As2O3).METHODS: The apoptotic rates of CNE-2Z cells induced by As2O3 for 24 h or 48 h were monitored by flow cytometry.The technique of whole-cell patch clamp was used to record the currents activated by As2O3 in the CNE-2Z cells.The inhibition of As2O3-induced apoptosis by chloride channel blocker DIDS in the CNE-2Z cells was analyzed by flow cytometry.RESULTS: As2O3 at 5 μmol/L induced apoptosis of CNE-2Z cells in time-dependent manner.The currents with outward rectification were activated when the cells were exposed to 5 μmol/L As2O3.No obvious time-and voltage-dependent inactivation of the currents was observed.The reverse potential of the currents was close to the equilibrium potential for chloride.The activated currents were inhibited by the chloride channel blockers NPPB and DIDS.The 47% hypertonic solution inhibited the activated currents completely.Chloride channel blocker DIDS inhibited the apoptosis of CNE-2Z cells induced by As2O3.CONCLUSION: As2O3 activates volume-sensitive chloride channels, and chloride channels may play an important role in the apoptosis of CNE-2Z cells induced by As2O3.