Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a highly prevalent infection and it has become a paradigm for viral immune evasion due to its unique multitude of immune-modulatory strategies on host innate and adaptive immune response.Following primary infection,CMV can persist as a subclinical,recurrent infection for the lifetime of an individual because human immune system is unable to clarify.However,the immune evasion mechanism of CMV remains unclear.Recent data has revealed an astounding variety of methods in immune evasion to suppress host immune system,including inhibiting antigen presentation on infected cell surfaces to protect against T cell recognition and regulating the balance between natural killer cell inhibitory/activating receptor and ligand pairs to avoid NK cell attack.This review summarizes the latest literature regarding how CMV encodes a multitude of immune modulatory mechanisms devoted to escaping the host antiviral response,presents the future perspective of immunotherapy,and provides references for in-depth understanding of the immune evasion mechanisms leading to the control of CMV.

The rates of cesarean delivery are dramatically rising in many parts of the world due to the improved surgical techniques and broaden clinical indications,along with the inadequate recognition of potential disadvantages for neonates.This review is to investigate the short-term and long-term influence of elective cesarean section on neonatal outcomes,including neonatal respiratory morbidity,iatrogenic prematurity,postnatal development of the immune system and atopic disease.Althongh there is no evidence that cesarean section is an independent risk factor so far,present studies clearly demonstrate that it plays an important role concurrent with other factors in increasing neonatal morbidity and mortality.Consequently,efforts should be made to reduce high rate of elective cesarean sections through elaborate investigation of medical indications before the operation.

To discuss the significant application for the membrane science and technology in the development of pharmaceutical industry of Chinese materia medica(CMM) in such aspects as obtaination of integrated effctive substances,transformation of traditional technology,reduction of power consumption, product safety,sewage treatment,and technological innovation.To analyze the major restrictions on the industrialization of CMM's membrane science and propose the corresponding measures.Currently,the development of macromolecule science and technology and the implementation of environmental-friendly strategy have advanced the technology of membrane to a new stage and thus offer the insurance to the integration of extraction,separation,concentration,and purification in traditional pharmaceutical production of CMM.Meanwhile,the technolgy of membrane separation has been widely used in the separation,concentration, and purification of macromolecule,which bears similar characteristics with traditional CMM.It is also a proof that the technology of membrane will improve the efficency of traditional CMM production when it is used in the pharmaceutical industry of CMM.

AIM:To observe the effects of hesperidin on the inflammatory cytokine levels in chronic bronchitic rats.METHODS:The rats were randomly divided into control group , model group and hesperidin treatment group .The rat model of chronic bronchitis was established by smoking .The pathological changes of the bronchial and lung tissues were observed by HE staining .The levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were analyzed by ELISA.The protein expression levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were detected by Western blot .RESULTS:Compared with model group , hesperidin treatment significantly reduced inflammatory infiltration in the bronchial and lung tissues , im-proved the integrity of the alveolar structure , and decreased the levels of TNF-αand IL-6 in the bronchoalveolar lavage flu-id, but had no effect on the IL-10 level.Moreover, the protein expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were dramatically inhib-ited after hesperidin treatment .CONCLUSION:Hesperidin decreases the levels of TNF-αand IL-6 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the rats with chronic bronchitis , which may be associated with the inhibition of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expres-sion.

Infectious mononucleosis associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection (EBV-IM) is a proliferative disease of acute monocyte - macrophage system caused by primary EBV infection. Currently, the incidence IM has increased,and the cases are more severe. The mechanism of specific cellular immune response, new treatments and vaccines are increasingly becoming the focus.

Objective To explore the effect of two traction ways of two-capsule compression on hemostasis. Methods Thirty-one hospitalized patients with compression hemostasis from February to January 2014 were set as the experiment group. Another thirty-two hospitalized patients from January 2012 to December 2012 were set as the control group. The control group was treated with traction of compression homeostasis in the traditional way, while the experiment group by the improved way. The two groups were compared in terms of the rate of effective compression hemostasis and the incidence of nasal membranes injury within 24 hours. Result The rate of the effective compression hemostasis within 24 h was not statistically different between the groups (P>0.05), but the incidence of nasal membranes injury was statistically different between them (P<0.05), the experiment group was less than that of the control group. Conclusion Improved traction of compression hemostasis is effective. It reduces the incidence of nasal membrane injury and pain so that it is worth clinical application.

A method was developed for the determination of ochratoxin A (OTA) in human urine by HPLC-FLD after molecularly imprinted polymer solid phase extraction (MIP-SPE) column. After the pH being adjusted to 2.5 with 0.1 mol x L(-1) HC1, sample was cleaned up with MIP-SPE column for ochratoxin A, the analyte was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD), and finally all the positive results were confirmed by LC-MS/MS. Recoveries from urine samples spiked with OTA at levels ranging from 2 to 20 ng x mL(-1) were 90.6%-101.9%, and RSDs were 0.1%-1.6%. Sixty-five volunteers living in Beijing took part in the study, of which 5 were found containing OTA in their urine and the highest value was 0.091 ng x mL(-1). The MIP-SPE column was firstly applied to purify and concentrate OTA in human urine, this method is simple, rapid and reliable and can be used to determine the contents of OTA in human urine.

Objective To study the clinical value of body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FPG)and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) combined tests for prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in first trimester. Methods 138 cases diagnosed as GDM and 133 cases of normal pregnant women were divided into study group and control group. The parameters of BMI , FPG and HbA1c were measured and compared. Results (1) BMI, FPG and HbA1c from study group were significantly higher than those from control group (P < 0.01). (2) The area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of BMI was 0.617 for predicting GDM, AUC of FPG was 0.700, and AUC of HbA1c was 0.684. When taking two of the optimal diagnostic cut-off values of BMI > 23.25, FPG > 4.25 L, HbA1c > 4.95% as screening method, AUC was 0.773. This method showed a diagnostic sensitivity of 73.3% and specificity of 82.4%. Conclusion BMI, FPG and HbA1c combined method in first trimester is valuable in predicting GDM.

DNA double-strand breaks(DSBs) repair protein XRCC4,plays an important role in the genesis and development of tumor,there are many different aspects in the tumor genesis and development.This paper reviews the molecular mechanism of XRCC4 in repairing DSBs,several theories of tumor genesis and development,and the relationship between XRCC4 gene's single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) and tumor.

Pancreatic cancer is a kind of highly malignant aggressive cancers.Perinearal growth is one of the importcant biological characteristics of pancreatic cancer.Perineural invasion is an independent prognostic indicator of its prognosis.However,the mechanism has not yet completely clear.The pancreatic cancer perineural invasion mechanism research has been the focus of scholars to discuss,however it' s difficult to break through.Therefore,the discussion pancreatic violation of the peripancreatic neural mechanism for early clinical find,early treatment is essential.The mechanisms of pancreatic cancer research,from all kinds of adhesion molecule to the nerve growth factor,related ligand protein path to susceptibility gene expression,have been reported largely,which helps enhance people' s awareness of peripancreatic neural invasion.At the same time,perineural invasion in the early detection of disease,prolonging survival period and improving the quality of life has important significance.Now the progresses of reviews in recent years are discussed as follows.