Since the cancer has been the leading cause of deaths in Korea, estimation of the cancer deaths for the upcoming years in the population using the vital statistics is considered to be necessary. The aim of this study was to estimate the number and trends of cancer deaths in Korea. The expected numbers of cancer deaths were calculated by a time series model fitting the actual numbers of cancer deaths for each of the years 1983 through 2000 reported by Korea National Statistical Office. The options selected for the time series model included a quadratic time trend, which incorporated long-term information into the model and an autoregressive component which incorporated information about short-term fluctuations. The forecasting numbers of cancer deaths and their 95% confidence intervals were estimated for both genders and primary sites. The forecasting number of deaths from all cancers is increasing so that the cumulative number of expected cancer deaths between 2001 and 2005 would be about 309 thousand persons. Cancers of the lung, stomach, liver, and colorectum continue to be the most common causes of cancer deaths. While the numbers of expected cancer deaths in the stomach and liver show a decreasing trend, the cancer in the lung, colorectum, pancreas, breast, and oral cavity have an increasing trend. These observations indicate that cancer deaths in the near future would be increasing through the early 2000s, and there should be some urgent government's policy on the cancer management.
Colorectal Neoplasms/mortality ; Female ; Forecasting ; Humans ; Korea/epidemiology ; Liver Neoplasms/mortality ; Lung Neoplasms/mortality ; Male ; Models, Statistical ; Neoplasms/*mortality ; Stomach Neoplasms/mortality ; Time Factors

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study introduces methods for estimating the cost of liver disease and presents useful and reliable sources of data. The available evidence on the costs associated with liver disease is also discussed. METHODS: Costing methodology can be used to identify, measure, and value relevant resources incurred during the care of patients with liver diseases. It adjusts for discounting, skewed distribution, and missing or censored cost data. The human capital approach for productivity cost assumes that deceased patients would have lived to a normal expected life expectancy, and have earned a salary in line with the current age profile of wages, in order to measure potential earnings lost due to premature death or job loss. EVIDENCE: The number of deaths due to liver cancer (C22) increased from 6,384 in 1983 to 11,405 in 2013, while deaths due to other liver diseases (K70-K76) increased from 12,563 in 1983 to 13,458 in 1995, and then declined to 6,665 in 2013. According to the Global Burden of Disease study conducted by the World Health Organization, liver cancer caused 325,815 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and cirrhosis of the liver caused 206,917 DALYs in 2012. The total cost of liver disease was estimated at 1,941 billion Korean won in 2001 and 5,689 billion Korean won in 2008. Much of this cost is attributable to productivity cost, and especially that of economically active men. CONCLUSIONS: The economic burden of liver disease is immense because of the associated high mortality and morbidity, especially among the economically active population. This indicates the need to prioritize the development of appropriate health interventions.
Cost of Illness ; Humans ; Liver Diseases/*economics/epidemiology/mortality ; Liver Neoplasms/*economics/epidemiology/mortality ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology

OBJECTIVETo understand the disease burden caused by cancers in Jinchang cohort, and develop effective strategies for cancer prevention and control in this population.

METHODSThe cancer mortality data from 2001 to 2013 and the medical records for cancer patients from 2001 to 2010 in Jinchang cohort were collected. The disease burden caused by cancer was analyzed by using mortality rate, potential years of life lost (PYLL), working PYLL (WPYLL), and direct economic burden.

RESULTSDuring 2001-2013, in Jinchang cohort, the five leading cancers ranked by mortality rate were lung cancer (78.06/100,000), gastric cancer (38.03/100,000), liver cancer (37.23/100,000), esophageal cancer (19.06/100,000), and colorectal cancer (9.53/100,000). The five leading cancers in terms of PYLL (person-years) and WPYLL (person-years) were lung cancer (3480.33, 1161.00), liver cancer (2809.03, 1475.00), gastric cancer (2120.54, 844.00), esophageal cancer (949.61, 315.00), and colorectal cancer (539.90, 246.00). From 2001 to 2010, the five leading cancers in term of average daily cost of hospitalization were gastric cancer (8,102.23 Yuan), esophageal cancer (7135.79 Yuan), colorectal cancer (7064.38 Yuan), breast cancer (6723.53 Yuan), and lung cancer (6309.39 Yuan).

CONCLUSIONSThe cancers common causing higher disease burden in Jinchang cohort were lung cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer and colorectal cancer. The lung cancer disease burden was the highest.

Breast Neoplasms ; economics ; mortality ; China ; epidemiology ; Cohort Studies ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; economics ; mortality ; Cost of Illness ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; economics ; mortality ; Female ; Hospitalization ; economics ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; economics ; mortality ; Lung Neoplasms ; economics ; mortality ; Male ; Neoplasms ; economics ; mortality ; Stomach Neoplasms ; economics ; mortality

BACKGROUNDMany studies have reported the benefit of hepatic resection for solitary and metachronous metastases from gastric cancer. However, indications and surgical results for synchronous hepatic metastases from gastric carcinoma have not been clearly defined. This study was performed to assess the benefits and limits of simultaneous combined resection of both primary gastric cancer and synchronous hepatic metastases, as well as to identify prognostic factors affecting the survival.

METHODSBetween January 2005 and June 2008, 13 patients with synchronous hepatic metastases underwent simultaneous combined resection. The clinicopathologic features and the surgical results of the 13 patients were retrospectively analyzed. Patient, tumor (primary and metastatic carcinoma), and operative parameters were analyzed for their influence on survival.

RESULTSNo patient died and two patients (15.4%) developed complications during peri-operative course. The actuarial 6-month, 1-year, and 2-year survival rates after hepatic resection were 76.9%, 38.5%, and 30.8%, respectively, and two patients survived for more than 2 years after surgery without any signs of recurrences until latest follow-up. In univariate analysis, hepatic tumor distribution (P=0.01) and number of hepatic metastases (P=0.003) were significant prognostic factors that influenced survival. Factors associated with the primary lesion were not significant prognostic factors.

CONCLUSIONSSatisfactory survival may be achieved by simultaneous combined resection of both primary gastric cancer and synchronous hepatic metastases in strictly selected patients. The number of hepatic metastases and hepatic tumor distribution are significant prognostic determinants of survival.

Aged ; Female ; Hepatectomy ; mortality ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; mortality ; secondary ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Stomach Neoplasms ; complications

Since the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops in cirrhotic liver and is often multicentric, liver transplantation (LT) seems to be a rational approach for the treatment of HCC. Current selection criteria of LT for HCC are Milan criteria (single nodule < or = 5 cm , or < or = 3 nodules and Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/etiology/*mortality/*surgery ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis/*complications ; Liver Neoplasms/etiology/*mortality/*surgery ; *Liver Transplantation ; Salvage Therapy ; Survival Rate

Objective: To analyze the data of malignant tumor mortality and change in disease burden in Hebei province from 1973 to 2013. Methods: Cancer mortality rate, age-standardized mortality rate and the years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs) were calculated by using the data from three rounds of all death causes survey and database of cancer registry in Hebei during 1973-2013. Results: From 1973 to 2013, a linear upward of malignant tumor mortality was observed, with a 51.57% increase. The mortality rate during 1973-1975 was 98.52/100 000 and it was 149.33/100 000 during 2011-2013. During 1973-1975, the YLLs was 17.0/1 000 in males and 12.8/1 000 in females. While during 2011-2013, the YLLs was 23.2/1 000 in males and 15.9/1 000 in females. During 1973-1975, esophagus cancer, stomach cancer and liver cancer were top three leading causes of deaths. During 2011-2013, lung cancer, stomach cancer and liver cancer were main leading causes of deaths. During the past 40 years, the deaths of esophagus cancer and cervix cancer decreased dramatically, but the deaths of lung cancer and breast cancer increased sharply. Conclusions: The disease burden caused by malignant tumor is becoming more serious in Hebei. It is necessary to strengthen the primary prevention and screening of malignant tumor.
Breast Neoplasms ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; Female ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; Lung Neoplasms ; Male ; Mortality/trends* ; Mortality, Premature ; Neoplasms/mortality* ; Primary Prevention ; Reference Standards ; Registries ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Liver Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; mortality

INTRODUCTIONMetastatic disease to the liver in colorectal cancer is a common entity that may present synchronously or metachronously. While increasing surgical experience has improved survival outcomes, some evidence suggest that synchronous lesions should be managed differently. This review aims to update current literature on differences between the outcomes and management of synchronous and metachronous disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODSSystematic review of MEDLINE database up till November 2008.

RESULTSDiscrete differences in tumour biology have been identified in separate studies. Twenty-one articles comparing outcomes were reviewed. Definitions of metachronicity varied from anytime after primary tumour evaluation to 1 year after surgery for primary tumour. Most studies reported that synchronous lesions were associated with poorer survival rates (8% to 16% reduction over 5 years). Sixteen articles comparing combined vs staged resections for synchronous tumour showed comparable morbidity and mortality. Benefits over staged resections included shorter hospital stays and earlier initiation of chemotherapy. Suitability for combined resection depended on patient age and constitution, primary tumour characteristics, size and the number of liver metastases, and the extent of liver involvement.

CONCLUSIONSSurgery remains the only treatment option that offers a chance of long-term survival for patients amenable to curative resection. Synchronicity suggests more aggressive disease although a unifying theory for biological differences explaining the disparity in tumour behaviour has not been found. Combined resection of primary tumour and synchronous metastases is a viable option pending careful patient selection and institutional experience. Given the current evidence, management of synchronous and metachronous colorectal liver metastases needs to be individualised to the needs of each patient.

Biomarkers, Tumor ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; mortality ; pathology ; surgery ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; mortality ; secondary ; surgery ; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary ; mortality ; pathology ; surgery ; Neoplasms, Second Primary ; mortality ; pathology ; surgery ; Prognosis

BACKGROUND: Although change in the birth cohort effect on cancer mortality rates is known to be highly associated with the decreasing rates of age-standardized cancer mortality rates in Japan, the differences in the trends of cohort effect for representative cancer types among the prefectures remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the differences in the decreasing rate of cohort effects among the prefectures for representative cancer types using age-period-cohort (APC) analysis. METHODS: Data on stomach, colorectal, liver, and lung cancer mortality for each prefecture and the population data from 1999 to 2018 were obtained from the Vital Statistics in Japan. Mortality data for individuals aged 50 to 79 years grouped in 5-year increments were used, and corresponding birth cohorts born 1920-1924 through 1964-1978 were used for analysis. We estimated the effects of age, period, and cohort on each type of mortality rate for each prefecture by sex. Then, we calculated the decreasing rates of cohort effects for each prefecture. We also calculated the mortality rate ratio of each prefecture compared with all of Japan for cohorts using the estimates. RESULTS: As a result of APC analysis, we found that the decreasing rates of period effects were small and that there was a little difference in the decreasing rates among prefectures for all types of cancer among both sexes. On the other hand, there was a large difference in the decreasing rates of cohort effects for stomach and liver cancer mortality rates among prefectures, particularly for men. For men, the decreasing rates of cohort effects in cohorts born between 1920-1924 and 1964-1978 varied among prefectures, ranging from 4.1 to 84.0% for stomach cancer and from 20.2 to 92.4% for liver cancers, respectively. On the other hand, the differences in the decreasing rates of cohort effects among prefectures for colorectal and lung cancer were relatively smaller. CONCLUSIONS The decreasing rates of cohort effects for stomach and liver cancer varied widely among prefectures. It is possible that this will influence cancer mortality rates in each prefecture in the future.
Aged ; Cohort Studies ; Colorectal Neoplasms/mortality* ; Female ; Humans ; Japan/epidemiology* ; Liver Neoplasms/mortality* ; Lung Neoplasms/mortality* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Stomach Neoplasms/mortality*

No abstract available.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/*epidemiology/mortality ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea/epidemiology ; Liver Neoplasms/*epidemiology/mortality ; Male ; Survival Rate