Humans ; Liver Failure, Acute ; therapy ; Liver, Artificial

Humans ; Liver Failure, Acute ; etiology ; therapy

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a form of complex syndrome with acute deterioration of liver function that occurs on the basis of chronic liver disease, and is accompanied by hepatic and extrahepatic organ failure with high mortality rate. The short-term mortality rate of comprehensive internal medicine treatment is as high as 50%-90%. This paper summarizes the current common definitions and diagnostic criteria, early-warning prediction models, and pathogenesis of ACLF.
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure/therapy* ; Humans ; Prognosis

Child ; Humans ; Liver Failure, Acute/therapy* ; Liver Transplantation/adverse effects*

Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure/therapy* ; Gastroenterology ; Humans ; United States

In January 2022, the American College of Gastroenterology released its first clinical guidelines, integrating the latest research, summarizing the three current definitions characteristics, and proposing recommendations and core viewpoints with important clinical practice value to guide diagnosis, treatment, and management of acute-on-chronic liver failure. This article interprets and summarizes the highlights of the guideline, raises controversial issues, and suggests directions for future research.
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure/therapy* ; Gastroenterology ; Humans ; United States

Adult ; Hepatic Encephalopathy ; therapy ; Hepatitis ; complications ; therapy ; Humans ; Liver Failure, Acute ; therapy ; Liver, Artificial ; Plasma Exchange

Liver failure is a serious clinical syndrome in which multiple pathogenic factors exceed the liver's self-repair capability, resulting massive hepatocellular necrosis, rapid disease progression and high mortality. Liver transplantation is the most effective method for the treatment of liver failure, but it has disadvantages, such as insufficient liver donor and high cost. The clinical efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells in liver failure have been validated, but its application has been limited to certain extent. Cell-free-based therapies, especially mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes, has become a research hotspot in recent years. This paper reviews the research advances in the treatment of liver failure with the use of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes.
Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy ; Exosomes ; Hepatic Insufficiency ; Humans ; Liver Failure/therapy* ; Liver Failure, Acute/therapy* ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Female ; Hepatitis, Viral, Human ; surgery ; therapy ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis ; surgery ; therapy ; Liver Failure, Acute ; surgery ; Liver Transplantation ; Liver, Artificial ; Male

American Medical Association ; Humans ; Liver Failure, Acute ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Liver Transplantation ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; United States