Apoptosis ; Humans ; Liver Failure, Acute ; metabolism ; pathology ; Mitochondria ; metabolism ; pathology ; Oxidative Stress

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is an increasingly recognized distinct disease entity encompassing an acute deterioration of liver function in patients with chronic liver disease. Although there are no widely accepted diagnostic criteria for ACLF, the Asia.Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) and the American Association for the Study of Liver Disease and the European Association for the Study of the Liver (AASLD/EASL) consensus definitions are commonly used. It is obvious that the APASL and the AASLD/EASL definitions are based on fundamentally different features. Two different definitions in two different parts of the world hamper the comparability of studies. Recently, the EASL-Chronic Liver Failure Consortium proposed new diagnostic criteria for ACLF based on analyses of patients with organ failure. There are areas of uncertainty in defining ACLF, such as heterogeneity of ACLF, ambiguity in qualifying underlying liver disease, argument for infection or sepsis as a precipitating event, etc. Although the exact pathogenesis of ACLF remains to be elucidated, alteration of host response to injury, infection, and unregulated inflammation play important roles. The predisposition, infection/inflammation, response, organ failure (PIRO) concept used for sepsis might be useful in describing the pathophysiology and clinical categories for ACLF. Treatment strategies are limited to organ support but better understanding of the pathophysiology is likely to lead to discovery of novel biomarkers and therapeutic strategies in the future.
Chronic Disease ; Echocardiography ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis/complications ; Liver Failure/diagnosis/etiology/*pathology/prevention & control ; Liver Failure, Acute/diagnosis/etiology/*pathology/prevention & control ; Liver Transplantation ; Sepsis/complications

Tetrachloroethylene is a chlorinated solvent that is primarily used in dry cleaning and degreasing operations. Although the hepatotoxicity caused by tetrachloroethylene has been well documented in literature, it is rarely considered as a cause of acute liver failure. We report a case of a 39-yr-old man who was admitted to our hospital for acute liver failure due to tetrachloroethylene exposure. Histological examination of the liver revealed massive hepatic necrosis, prominently, in zone 3 of the hepatic lobules. The patient underwent supportive treatment along with 3 sessions of plasmapheresis, and consequently, he presented a favorable outcome. Repeat liver biopsy performed 6 months after the patient's discharge showed architectural distortion with postnecrotic cirrhosis. Physicians should be aware of the possibility of acute liver failure induced by tetrachloroethylene. Early plasmapheresis can be effective for individuals with sufficient capacity for hepatocyte regeneration.
Adult ; Carcinogens/*toxicity ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis/pathology ; Liver Failure, Acute/chemically induced/*diagnosis/pathology ; Male ; *Occupational Exposure ; Plasmapheresis ; Tetrachloroethylene/*toxicity

Objective: To explore the new mechanism of liver fibrosis through D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS)-induced necroptosis as an entry point to inhibit lethal injury. Methods: The carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced mouse model of liver fibrosis was established. At 6 weeks of fibrosis, the mice were challenged with a lethal dose of D-GalN/LPS, and the normal mice treated with the same treatment were used as the control. The experiment was divided into four groups: control group (Control), acute injury group (D-GalN/LPS), liver fibrosis group (Fib), and liver fibrosis + acute challenge group (Fib + D-GalN/LPS). Quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence were used to analyze the expression of necroptosis key signal molecules RIPK1, RIPK3, MLKL and/or P-MLKL in each group. Normal mice were treated with inhibitors targeting key signaling molecules of necroptosis, and then given an acute challenge. The inhibitory effect of D-GalN/LPS-induced-necroptosis on acute liver injury was evaluated according to the changes in transaminase levels and liver histology. Liver fibrosis spontaneous ablation model was established, and then acute challenge was given. Necroptosis key signal molecules expression was analyzed in liver tissue of mice in each group and compared by immunohistochemistry. The differences between groups were compared with t-test or analysis of variance. Results: Quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence assays result showed that D-GalN/LPS-induced significant upregulation of RIPK1, RIPK3, MLKL and/or P-MLKL. Necroptosis key signal molecules inhibition had significantly reduced D-GalN/LPS-induced liver injury, as manifested by markedly reduced serum ALT and AST levels with improvement in liver histology. Necroptosis signaling molecules expression was significantly inhibited in fibrotic livers even under acute challenge conditions. Additionally, liver fibrosis with gradual attenuation of fibrotic ablation had inhibited D-GalN/LPS-induced necroptosis. Conclusion: Liver fibrosis may protect mice from acute lethal challenge injury by inhibiting D-GalN/LPS-induced necroptosis.
Animals ; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/pathology* ; Galactosamine/adverse effects* ; Lipopolysaccharides/adverse effects* ; Liver/pathology* ; Liver Cirrhosis/pathology* ; Liver Failure, Acute/chemically induced* ; Mice ; Necroptosis

OBJECTIVETo explore the mechanism of fulminate hepatic failure (FHF) complicated with spontaneous peritonitis (SBP) through the research of bacteria invading the intestinal mucosa barrier.

METHODS240 BalB/c male mice were divided into four groups as isotonic NS group (n = 40), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group (n = 40), galactosamine (GalN) group (n = 40) and FHF model group (n = 120). Each mouse received same volume of NS, LPS (10 ug/kg), GalN (800 mg/kg) or LPS (10 ug/kg)/GalN (800 mg/kg) intraperitoneal injection according to its group. 8 mice were executed at 2, 6, 9, 12 and 24 hours after injection, respectively, and the liver and intestinal tissue samples were taken at the same time. ALT was measured by automatic biochemical analyzer and was compared between groups using Mann-Whitney U test. Liver and intestinal tissue received HE staining. The ultrastructure of intestinal mucosa and the method by which bacteria invaded the intestinal mucosa were observed by transmission electron microscopy. All data were analyzed by SPSS13.0 statistic software.

RESULTSALT level, results of hepatic pathology, mortality and clinical manifestations of mice in the FHF model group met the diagnostic criteria of FHF. Intestinal tissue was found with slight edema and little inflammatory cells infiltration through HE staining in all the 4 groups of mice 9 hours after injection. Microvilli were found broken, shed and shorten in the intestinal epithelial cells with incomplete tight junction (TJs) and obviously changed organelles in the FHF model group of mice observed by transmission electron microscope. Mass hemorrhagic necrosis of liver cells with remnant liver cells swelling and many inflammatory cells infiltration by HE staining in the FHF model group. But the changes in hepatic pathology and intestinal mucosa ultrastructure were not so obvious in the mice of NS, LPS and GalN groups. Bacteria penetrated the intestinal wall by pinocytosis 6 to 9 hours after injection in the FHF model group, the microvilli were broken off and TJs turned rupture in the areas that the bacteria penetrated. The bacteria were found in the form of cyst 12 hours after injection.

CONCLUSIONLPS (10 mg/kg)/GalN (800 mg/kg) combined injection was successful in establishing the FHF mice model. The rupture of TJs may provide conditions for intestinal bacteria to penetrate the intestinal mucosa in FHF. Rupture of TJs may be one of the reasons why FHF was complicated with SBP.

Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Intestinal Mucosa ; microbiology ; pathology ; Liver ; pathology ; Liver Failure, Acute ; microbiology ; pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Tight Junctions ; microbiology ; pathology

Objective: T lymphocyte exhaustion is an important component of immune dysfunction. Therefore, exploring peripheral blood-exhausted T lymphocyte features in patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure may provide potential therapeutic target molecules for ACLF immune dysfunction. Methods: Six cases with HBV-ACLF and three healthy controls were selected for T-cell heterogeneity detection using the single-cell RNA sequencing method. In addition, exhausted T lymphocyte subpopulations were screened to analyze their gene expression features, and their developmental trajectories quasi-timing. An independent sample t-test was used to compare the samples between the two groups. Results: Peripheral blood T lymphocytes in HBV-ACLF patients had different differentiation trajectories with different features distinct into eight subpopulations. Among them, the CD4(+)TIGIT(+) subsets (P = 0.007) and CD8(+)LAG3(+) (P = 0.010) subsets with highly exhausted genes were significantly higher than those in healthy controls. Quasi-time analysis showed that CD4(+)TIGIT(+) and CD8(+)LAG3(+) subsets appeared in the late stage of T lymphocyte differentiation, suggesting the transition of T lymphocyte from naïve-effector-exhausted during ACLF pathogenesis. Conclusion: There is heterogeneity in peripheral blood T lymphocyte differentiation in patients with HBV-ACLF, and the number of exhausted T cells featured by CD4(+)TIGIT(+)T cell and CD8(+)LAG3(+) T cell subsets increases significantly, suggesting that T lymphocyte immune exhaustion is involved in the immune dysfunction of HBV-ACLF, thereby identifying potential effective target molecules for improving ACLF patients' immune function.
Humans ; Hepatitis B virus ; Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure/pathology* ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology* ; Receptors, Immunologic

Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure ; blood ; pathology ; Case-Control Studies ; Cytochrome Reductases ; metabolism ; Humans ; Prospective Studies ; alpha-Fetoproteins ; metabolism

Liver injury due to prescription and nonprescription medications is a growing medical, scientific, and public health problem. Worldwide, the estimated annual incidence rate of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is 13.9-24.0 per 100,000 inhabitants. DILI is one of the leading causes of acute liver failure in the US. In Korea, the annual extrapolated incidence of cases hospitalized at university hospital is 12/100,000 persons/year. Most cases of DILI are the result of idiosyncratic metabolic responses or unexpected reactions to medication. There is marked geographic variation in relevant agents; antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and psychotropic drugs are the most common offending agents in the West, whereas in Asia, 'herbs' and 'health foods or dietary supplements' are more common. Different medical circumstances also cause discrepancy in definition and classification of DILI between West and Asia. In the concern of causality assessment, the application of the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM) scale frequently undercounts the cases caused by 'herbs' due to a lack of previous information and incompatible time criteria. Therefore, a more objective and reproducible tool that could be used for the diagnosis of DILI caused by 'herbs' is needed in Asia. In addition, a reporting system similar to the Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN) in the US should be established as soon as possible in Asia.
Dietary Supplements/adverse effects ; Drug-Induced Liver Injury/*diagnosis/epidemiology/*pathology ; Herbal Medicine ; Humans ; Liver Failure, Acute/pathology ; Prognosis ; Risk Factors ; Severity of Illness Index

Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Liver ; pathology ; Liver Failure, Acute ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Transcription Factor RelA ; metabolism

BACKGROUNDMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation has been proven to have therapeutic potential for acute liver failure (ALF). However, the mechanism remains controversial. Recently, modulation of inflammation by MSCs has been regarded as a crucial mechanism. The aim of the present study was to explore the soluble cytokines secreted by MSCs and their therapeutic effects in ALF.

METHODSMSCs isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats were identified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. Conditioned medium derived from MSCs (MSCs-CM) was collected and analyzed by a cytokine microarray. MSCs and MSCs-CM were transplanted into rats with D-galactosamine-induced ALF. Liver function, survival rate, histology, and inflammatory factors were determined. Exogenous recombinant rat interleukin (IL)-10, anti-rat IL-10 antibody, and AG490 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 [STAT3] signaling pathway inhibitor) were administered to explore the therapeutic mechanism of MSCs-CM. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 19.0, and all data were analyzed by the independent-sample t-test.

RESULTSThere are statistical differences of the survival curve between ALF+MSCs group and ALF+Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) group, as well as ALF+MSCs-CM group and ALF+DMEM group (all P < 0.05). Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level in the ALF+MSCs and ALF+MSCs-CM groups was lower than that in the ALF+DMEM group (865.53±52.80 vs. 1709.75±372.12 U/L and 964.72±414.59 vs. 1709.75±372.12 U/L, respectively, all P < 0.05); meanwhile, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level in the ALF+MSCs and ALF+MSCs-CM groups was lower than that in the ALF+DMEM group (2440.83±511.94 vs. 4234.35±807.30 U/L and 2739.83±587.33 vs. 4234.35±807.30 U/L, respectively, all P < 0.05). Furthermore, MSCs or MSCs-CM treatment significantly reduced serum interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-1β, IL-6 levels and increased serum IL-10 level compared with DMEM (all P < 0.05). Proteome profile analysis of MSCs-CM indicated the presence of anti-inflammatory factors and IL-10 was the most distinct. Blocking of IL-10 confirmed the therapeutic significance of this cytokine. Phosphorylated STAT3 was upregulated after IL-10 infusion and inhibition of STAT3 by AG490 reversed the therapeutic effect of IL-10.

CONCLUSIONSThe factors released by MSCs, especially IL-10, have the potential for therapeutic recovery of ALF, and the STAT3 signaling pathway may mediate the anti-inflammatory effect of IL-10.

Animals ; Interleukin-10 ; physiology ; Liver ; pathology ; Liver Failure, Acute ; pathology ; therapy ; Male ; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; STAT3 Transcription Factor ; physiology ; Signal Transduction ; physiology