We trapped a rat (Rattus norvegicus) infected with Capillaria hepatica. At necropsy, grossly yellowish-white nodules (2-3 mm in diameter) were noted to be scattered on the liver's surface. Microscopically, granulomatous and fibrotic nodules that contained the eggs and/or adult worms of Capillaria hepatica were detected in the liver. Septal fibrosis was diffusely formed throughout the liver. There were a number of ED1-positive macrophages located in the sinusoids of the pseudolobules. On the double staining, myofibroblasts and mast cells were generally observed within the fibrous septa with the mast cells in close proximity to the myofibroblasts. We suggest that the interactions between macrophages, myofibroblasts and mast cells play a role in the septal fibrosis observed in rats infected by Capillaria hepatica.
Animals ; *Capillaria ; Enoplida Infections/immunology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Fibroblasts/immunology ; Liver/parasitology/pathology ; Macrophages/immunology ; Mast Cells/immunology ; Rats ; Rodent Diseases/*immunology/*parasitology/pathology

To determine alteration of immune responses during visceral larva migrans (VLM) caused by Toxascaris leonina at several time points, we experimentally infected mice with embryonated eggs of T. leonina and measured T-helper (Th) cell-related serial cytokine production after infection. At day 5 post infection (PI), most larvae were detected from the lungs, spleen, intestine, and muscle. Expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and CCL11 (eotaxin) showed a significant increase in most infected organs, except the intestine. However, expression of the CXCL1 (Gro-alpha) gene was most highly enhanced in the intestine at day 14 PI. Th1-related cytokine secretion of splenocytes showed increases at day 28 PI, and the level showed a decrease at day 42 PI. Th2-related cytokine secretion of splenocytes also showed an increase after infection; in particular, IL-5 level showed a significant increase at day 14 PI, and the level showed a decrease at day 28 PI. However, levels of Th17-related cytokines, IL-6 and IL-17A, showed gradual increases until day 42 PI. In conclusion, Th1, Th2, and Th17-related cytokine production might be important in immune responses against T. leonina VLM in experimental mice.
Animals ; Brain/parasitology ; Cytokines/*metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Heart/parasitology ; Interleukins/*metabolism ; Intestines/parasitology ; Larva Migrans, Visceral/*immunology/parasitology ; Liver/parasitology ; Lung/parasitology/pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Muscles/parasitology ; Spleen/parasitology ; Th1 Cells/immunology ; Th17 Cells/immunology ; Th2 Cells/immunology ; Toxascaris/*immunology

In the experimental rabbits which were previously infected with Clonorchis sinensis and were thereafter administered with Dithiazanine iodide, the patho-histological and some histochemical changes were observed in the healed liver(76 days after stoppage of egg excretion). And also, the patho-histological changes which appeared in the infected and healed livers respectively were compared from each other. The following results and conclusion were obtained. In the infected group, grossly the liver showed a considerable increase of its weight, an increased vascular marking of its surfaces and an increase in consistency and thickness of the bile ducts. However, the healed group grossly showed no remarkable changes in the liver. In the infected group, microscopically the liver showed a marked adenomatous hyperplasia of bile ducts, proliferation of bile ductules and marked periductal and periductular fibrosis with infiltration of chronic inflammatory cells in portal spaces. A histochemical study showed that the increased fibrous tissue consists largely with collagenous fibers and partly with reticulum fibers. In the group with healed liver microscopically the liver showed much improvement in the histopathological changes compared to those of the infected group. In the healed lover there remained only slight histopathological changes mainly in portal spaces of the liver, such as considerably diminished periductal and periductular fibrosis. The slightly increased fibrous tissue consists largely with reticulum fibers and partly with collagen fibers.
parasitology ; helminth ; trematoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; chemotherapy ; histology ; pathology ; Dithiazanine iodide ; histochemistry ; liver ; Dithiazanine iodide ; collagen ; reticulum

The present experimental study was undertaken to observe the chronological change of the worm structure of Clonorchis sinensis and the pathological findings of the liver when this fluke was inoculated to the mouse intraperitoneally. The recovery rate, survival rate, location and size of the inoculated worms as well as the pathological changes of the liver were investigated for the comparison among the groups of mice, classified by number of worms and the duration of experiment. The results obtained were summarized as follows: The recovery and survival rates of the worms decreased especially 28 days after the inoculation. Most of worms (90.l percent) were collected from the peritoneal cavity and some of worms were found tightly adherent to the capsules of the liver, spleen, stomach, intestine and diaphragm. There were no worms recovered penetrated in the parenchymes of these organs. The mean worm size after inoculation was smaller than that before inoculation. At the 10th day after the inoculation, the shrinkage of posterior portion of the worm body was observed. Remarkable atrophy in the reproductive organs of the worm, such as spermatheca, testes, vitelline glands and ovary was frequently observed at the 10th day of inoculation. Histopathologically the liver failed to show any parasitic worm inside the intrahepatic biliary system. However, multiple well formed egg-containing granulomas were present along the liver capsule. These necrotic granulomas were occasionally found under the fibrotic liver capsule. Focal necrosis and focal phlebitis together with vascular dilatation were prominent features seen in the liver. The bile duct in the liver showed mild dilation of the lumen, flattening of epithelial cells and periductal small round cell infiltration. Neither adenomatous hyperplasia nor portal fibrosis was seen in the whole experimental groups. Foci of intralobular micro-granulomas were found in some experimental animals. The worms recovered in the capsule of the liver were degenerated and necrotized. Usually, there were remarkable capsulitis and granuloma formation around the eggs.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; pathology ; liver ; spleen ; stomach ; intestine ; diaphragm ; granuoma ; peritoneal cavity

In order to understand the effect of prednisolone injection on the histopathological changes of the mouse liver and the chronological changes of the worm structure of Clonorchis sinensis, when this fluke was inoculated to the mouse intraperitoneally. The recovery rate, survival rate, location and size of the inoculated worms as well as the histopathological changes of the liver were investigated for the comparison among the groups of mice, which were classified by number of worms and the duration of observation period. The result obtained were summarized as follows: The recovery rate and survival rate of the worms decreased especially 28 days after the inoculation. Most of worms (45.5 percent) were collected from the peritoneal cavity, and some of worms were found tightly adherent to the capsules of the liver, spleen, intestine and diaphragm. The mean worm size after inoculation was constantly smaller than that before inoculation. Remarkable atrophy in the reproductive organs of the worm, such as spermatheca, testes, vitelline gland and ovary was frequently observed at the 10th day of inoculation. Histopathologically the liver failed to show any parasitic worm inside the intrahepatic biliary system. However, multiple well formed egg-containing granulomas were present along the liver capsule. These necrotic granulomas were occasionally found under the fibrotic liver capsule. Focal necrosis and focal phlebitis together with vascular dilatation were prominent features of the liver. The worms recovered in the capsule of the liver were degenerated and necrotized. Usually, there were remarkable capsulitis and granuloma formation around the eggs.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; histology ; pathology ; mouse-liver ; immunology ; immunesuppression ; necrosis ; phlebitis ; dilatation ; capsulitis ; granuloma

It is well established that guinea pig, rabbit and rat are equally susceptible to experimental infection with the Chinese liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis. However, little work has been done on the studies of the host-parasite relationships between the liver fluke and mouse host. The experiments were undertaken to investigate the susceptibility, development and sexual maturity of Clonorchis sinensis in mouse host. The metacercariae of C. sinensis used in these experiments were isolated from the fish, Pseudorasbora parva by digestion technic. And in all these studies the mice weighing around 20 g were commercially purchased and infected with the metacercariae under slightly narcotized condition with ether. The animals were starved overnight before infection. The mature metacercariae, e.g. 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, 200 were given orally into stomach by means of the polyethylene tubing (intramedic, Clay Adams, Inc.PE-90/S12) respectively to each mouse of groups ranging 4 to l5. After various period of infection, the mouse liver was first opened along the common bile duct and cut into small pieces for collecting and counting the worms. For the histopathological examination of the liver, the tissue specimens were fixed in formalin, sectioned and stained with haematoxylin-eosin. Another experiment was separately set up for the study of egg laying capacity of C. sinensis in mice. The following results were obtained: Mice were successfully infected with metacercariae of C. sinensis in all cases of the groups except the group given 5 and 10 metacercariae, in which the infection was not established in one case of each group. Therefore it is assumed that mice are susceptible to infection with this worm. In an earlier period ot infection, the worms were found mostly in common bile duct and intrahepatic biliary passages with same rate, however in later period, they were seen rather in the intrahepatic biliary passages (73 percent) than in common bile duct and gall bladder. The recovery rate of fully matured adult worms (less than 10 percent) was lower than that of the average recovery rate of the worms in general (22.3 percent). Under same age of infection or even in same host, the size of collected worms showed the great variations. Oral sucker was smaller in size than ventral sucker in the early stage of infection. After 11 days of infection it reversed. The posterior part of body length began to elongate since 5 days after infection, and therefore the ratio of antero-posterior part became l to 3. Fully matured adult worms were only collected after 30 days of infection. The first positive appearance of eggs in feces was on the 17th and 18th day after infection. However, the egg-laying capacity in mouse host seemed to be stabilized since 30 days after infection. Histopathologically, the cystic dilatation of medium to small biliary passages was noted and focal but diffusely scattered necrosis of the liver cells with scarce inflammatory cells was also observed as well as the hepatocellular degeneration, diffuse vascular congestions and adenomatous proliferationof bile duct.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda-Clonorchis sinensis ; mouse ; host-parasite relationship ; worm recovery ; histology ; pathology ; liver

Hydatid disease (HD) is an endemic illness in many countries, and it poses an important public health problem that's influenced by peoples' socioeconomic status and migration that spreads this disease. Although rare, it may occur in any organ or tissue. The most common site is the liver (59-75%), followed in frequency by lung (27%), kidney (3%), bone (1-4%) and brain (1-2%). Other sites such as the heart, spleen, pancreas and muscles are very rarely affected. Unusual sites for this disease can cause diagnostic problems. This pictorial essay illustrates various radiological findings of HD in the liver, spleen, kidney, pancreas, peritoneal cavity, omentum, adrenal, ovary, lung, mediastinum and retroperitoneum. Familiarity with the imaging findings of HD may be helpful in making an accurate diagnosis and preventing potential complications.
Abdominal Cavity/parasitology/radiography ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Contrast Media/administration & dosage ; Digestive System/pathology/radiography/ultrasonography ; Digestive System Diseases/diagnosis/parasitology ; Echinococcosis/*diagnosis/parasitology/*radiography ; Endocrine Glands/parasitology/radiography ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney/parasitology/pathology ; Liver/parasitology/radiography ; Lung/parasitology/radiography ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Male ; Mediastinum/parasitology/radiography ; Middle Aged ; Pancreas/parasitology/radiography ; Radiographic Image Enhancement/methods ; Spleen/parasitology/radiography ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods

The nitric oxide (NO) formation and intrinsic nitrosation may be involved in the possible mechanisms of liver fluke-associated carcinogenesis. We still do not know much about the responses of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) induced by Clonorchis sinensis infection. This study was conducted to explore the pathological lesions and iNOS expressions in the liver of mice with different infection intensity levels of C. sinensis. Extensive periductal inflammatory cell infiltration, bile duct hyperplasia, and fibrosis were commonly observed during the infection. The different pathological responses in liver tissues strongly correlated with the infection intensity of C. sinensis. Massive acute spotty necrosis occurred in the liver parenchyma after a severe infection. The iNOS activity in liver tissues increased, and iNOS-expressing cells with morphological differences were observed after a moderate or severe infection. The iNOS-expressing cells in liver tissues had multiple origins.
Animals ; Clonorchiasis/*enzymology/genetics/parasitology/*pathology ; Clonorchis sinensis/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Liver/*enzymology/parasitology/pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/*genetics/metabolism

No abstract available.
Animals ; Calcinosis ; Echinococcosis, Hepatic/diagnosis/*parasitology/surgery ; Echinococcus granulosus/*isolation & purification ; Hepatectomy ; Humans ; Liver/*parasitology/pathology/radiography/surgery ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Toxocariasis is a helminozoonosis caused by the infection of a human host by the larva of Toxocara canis and Toxocara catis, which are common nematodes in dogs and cats, and occurs more frequently in school age children. Toxocariasis shows variable clinical manifestations including hepatomegaly, bronchial asthma, uveitis, central nervous system symptoms with peripheral eosinophilia and an increased total serum IgE level. However a hepatic abscess caused by toxocara infection in adults is rare. We experienced a case of heavy alcoholic patients with a hepatic eosinophilic abscess caused by toxocara infestation, which was confirmed by microscopic examination of liver biopsy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test, abdominal CT and the ultrasonography findings.
Adult ; Animals ; Humans ; Liver Abscess/*diagnosis/*parasitology/ultrasonography ; Male ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Toxocara canis/*isolation & purification ; Toxocariasis/*diagnosis/parasitology/pathology