Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 ; metabolism ; Fatty Liver, Alcoholic ; enzymology ; pathology ; Liver ; enzymology

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; enzymology ; pathology ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; enzymology ; pathology ; Thioredoxin-Disulfide Reductase

Animals ; Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase ; metabolism ; Cyclooxygenase 2 ; metabolism ; Fatty Liver ; enzymology ; pathology ; Hepatitis, Viral, Human ; enzymology ; pathology ; Humans ; Liver Diseases ; enzymology ; pathology ; Liver Diseases, Alcoholic ; enzymology ; pathology ; Liver Neoplasms ; prevention & control

OBJECTIVETo study the role of arginase-1 (Arg-1) expression in differential diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), Arg-1 staining pattern in clear cell neoplasm (HCC and non-HCC) and Arg-1 expression in non-hepatocellular tumors.

METHODSSeventy-eight cases of HCC (including 8 cases of clear cell type and 70 cases of non- clear cell type) and 246 cases of non-hepatocellular neoplasms (including 29 cases of metastatic tumors such as breast cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and neuroendocrine carcinoma, 77 cases of tumors with clear cell changes such as malignant melanoma, clear cell renal cell carcinoma and alveolar soft part sarcoma, and 140 cases of other types of tumors such as ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma, pituitary tumor and thyroid papillary carcinoma) were studied.Immunohistochemical study for Arg-1 was performed on the paraffin-embedded tumor tissue.

RESULTSIn HCC, Arg-1 demonstrated both cytoplasmic and nuclear staining, with an overall sensitivity of 96.2% (75/78).In well, moderately and poorly differentiated HCC, the sensitivity was 15/15, 100% (41/41) and 86.4% (19/22), respectively. That was in contrast to negative staining for Arg-1 in all the 29 cases of metastatic tumors studied. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of Arg-1 in distinguishing HCC from metastatic tumors was 96.2%, 100%, 100% and 90.6%, respectively. Cytoplasmic and membranous staining was observed in clear cell type of HCC. The overall sensitivity of Arg-1 expression in the 77 cases of tumors with clear cell changes was 14.3% (11/77), including 8/15 for malignant melanoma, 2/4 for ovarian clear cell carcinoma and 1/1 gall bladder adenocarcinoma with clear cell component.In malignant melanoma and ovarian clear cell carcinoma, only cytoplasmic staining was demonstrated. There was no expression of Arg-1 in the 140 cases of other tumor types studied.

CONCLUSIONSArg-1 is a sensitive and specific marker for HCC.It is a potentially useful immunohistochemical marker in distinguishing HCC from metastatic tumors. Though also expressed in malignant melanoma and ovarian clear cell carcinoma, Arg-1 shows a different staining pattern as compared with that in HCC.

Adenocarcinoma ; enzymology ; Adult ; Aged ; Arginase ; metabolism ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; enzymology ; pathology ; secondary ; Cell Differentiation ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Gallbladder Neoplasms ; enzymology ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; enzymology ; pathology ; secondary ; Male ; Melanoma ; enzymology ; Middle Aged ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; enzymology ; Stomach Neoplasms ; enzymology ; pathology

Liver function tests (LFT) are helpful screening tools to detect hepatic dysfunction. LFT are further used to categorize hepatic dysfunctions, to estimate the severity of hepatic disease, and for the follow-up of liver diseases. Since liver performs a variety of functions, no single test is sufficient alone to provide complete estimate of function of liver. Effective interpretation of the hepatic function panel requires knowledge of underlying pathophysiology and the characteristics of panel tests. This review includes a classification of liver diseases, which are commonly detected by routine LFT, a list of liver functions with appropriate tests for each function, and a guide to panel interpretation and further laboratory investigation.
Humans ; Liver/enzymology/metabolism/pathology ; Liver Diseases/blood/*diagnosis ; Liver Function Tests

OBJECTIVETo explore the relationship between the alteration in GGT mRNA expression and the development of HCC.

METHODSThree GGT mRNA types (F, H, and P) in normal liver tissues, diseased liver tissues without HCC, cancerous and noncancerous tissues from livers with HCC, and noncancerous tissues from livers with metastatic tumor were tested by RT-PCR.

RESULTSIn normal livers, the main type of GGT mRNA was type F. In liver diseases but not HCC, the distribution of the type GGT mRNA was nearly the same as in normal livers. The prevalence of type H was significantly higher in both cancerous and noncancerous tissues of livers with HCC than in livers without HCC (P<0.05). The prevalence of type F in cancerous tissues was significantly lower than that in livers without HCC (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe GGT mRNA expression in the human liver will shift from type F to type H during the development of HCC. The fragment analysis of GGT genes may be a sensitive assay to detect hepatic cell canceration.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; enzymology ; genetics ; pathology ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; Humans ; Liver ; enzymology ; metabolism ; pathology ; Liver Diseases ; enzymology ; genetics ; pathology ; Liver Neoplasms ; enzymology ; genetics ; pathology ; Male ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; gamma-Glutamyltransferase ; genetics

Telomerase is highly activated in human immortal cell lines and tumor tissues, whereas it is not activated in primary cell strains and many tumor-adjacent tissues. It is suggested that telomerase activation is one of the critical steps in malignant transformation. In the present study, the telomerase activity was investigated in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and non-tumor liver tissues from Korean patients with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Eighty two liver tissues (24 chronic hepatitis specimens, 34 cirrhosis specimens, and 24 hepatocellular carcinomas) were obtained from 23 chronic viral hepatitis patients, 19 cirrhosis patients (including 7 liver transplants), and 24 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, of which the surrounding non-tumor liver tissues were available in 16 patients (1 chronic hepatitis and 15 cirrhosis). As negative controls, 3 normal liver tissues were included. Protein from liver specimens was purified by a detergent lysis method as described elsewhere, and telomerase activity was measured in 2 diluents of each sample (1:1 and 1:100) by a telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP). Telomerase was strongly activated in 79% (19/24) of the hepatocellular carcinomas, while weakly in 8% (2/24) of the chronic hepatitis tissues and in 24% (8/34) of the cirrhosis tissues. All of 3 normal control livers showed no telomerase activation. No relationship could be observed between the enhancement of telomerase activity and tumor nature. None of the chronic heaptitis or cirrhosis patients with mild telomerase activation in the liver have developed hepatocellular carcinoma for at least 2 years of follow-up period. These results suggest that the strong enhancement of telomerase activity may be a critical part of hepatocarcinogenesis, although the exact mechanism of such high activation in hepatocellular carcinoma is not clear. In addition, further study will be necessary to clarify the reason why no telomerase activity detectable by a conventional TRAP can be seen in some hepatocellular carcinoma.
Adult ; Aged ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/enzymology* ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic* ; Comparative Study ; Enzyme Activation ; Female ; Hepatitis, Chronic/enzymology ; Human ; Liver Cirrhosis/enzymology ; Liver Neoplasms/pathology ; Liver Neoplasms/enzymology* ; Male ; Middle Age ; Precancerous Conditions/enzymology* ; Telomerase/analysis*

OBJECTIVETo investigate the changes of sugar chain structures of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in hepatoma tissue and its relation to the invasiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

METHODSThe binding ratios of ALP from 9 normal liver tissues, 16 hepatoma tissues and 16 noncancerous tissues surrounding hepatoma were analysed by affinity chromatography on various lectin columns including leukoagglutinating phytohemagglutinin (L-PHA), lentil lectin (LCA), Datura stramonium agglutinin (DSA), erythroagglutinating phytohemagglutinin (E-PHA) and Sambucus nigra bark agglutinin (SNA).

RESULTSThe binding ratios of ALP on L-PHA (22.94%+/-5.30%), DSA (55.97%+/-13.72%), LCA (38.16%+/-8.87%), E-PHA (11.56%+/-4.81%) and SNA (69.80%+/-13.71%) in HCC tissues were significantly increased (P<0.01) compared with that in normal liver tissues (L-PHA 5.89%+/-2.75%, DSA 36.20%+/-11.58%, LCA 17.90%+/-6.71%, E-PHA 5.38%+/-2.20%, SNA 57.32%+/-11.27%), respectively. t values between the two groups were 8.94, 3.64, 5.94, 3.62 and 2.32, respectively. L-PHA-binding ratio (25.84%+/-4.67%) of ALP in HCC with invasiveness was significantly higher than that (18.10%+/-3.64%) without invasiveness (t=3.71, P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe changes of ALP sugar chain structures occur in HCC tissue. b1-6 branching sugar chain structure of ALP is related to the invasiveness of HCC.

Alkaline Phosphatase ; chemistry ; Carbohydrates ; chemistry ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; enzymology ; pathology ; Chromatography, Affinity ; Humans ; Lectins ; metabolism ; Liver Neoplasms ; enzymology ; pathology ; Neoplasm Invasiveness

OBJECTIVETo investigate the expression of heparanase mRNA and its relation with the clinicopathological features and angiogenesis in primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

METHODSExpression of heparanase mRNA was detected by RT-PCR in 51 HCC lesions, and microvessel density (MVD) was detected by immunohistochemical stain with a factor VIII-related monoclonal antibody.

RESULTSExpression of heparanase mRNA was shown in 49.0% (25/51) HCC lesions. The positive rate of heparanase expression in tumors larger than 3 cm (63.6%, 21/33) was significantly higher than those in smaller tumors (22.2%, 4/18; P < 0.01). Heparanase expression was more frequent in highly invasive tumors (70.0%, 14/20) compared with moderately invasive tumors (46.7%, 7/15) and low invasive ones (25.0%, 4/16; P < 0.05). Moreover, heparanase expression in tumors with high MVD (62.5%, 20/32) was significantly higher than those in tumors with low MVD (26.3%, 5/19; P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONHeparanase mRNA expression may be important for the growth, invasion and angiogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Adult ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; blood supply ; enzymology ; pathology ; Female ; Glucuronidase ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Humans ; Liver ; enzymology ; Liver Neoplasms ; blood supply ; enzymology ; pathology ; Male ; Microcirculation ; pathology ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Neovascularization, Pathologic ; enzymology ; RNA, Messenger ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Tumor Burden

To study the mechanism of endotoxin-induced hepatocellular injury in rats, a single dose of endotoxin, 15mg/kg, was injected intraperitoneally with or without dexamethasone pretreatment. Studies included light microscopic, histochemical, and electron microscopic observations with concomitant assay of free acid phosphatase activity of liver homogenateg. The results showed an increase of acid phosphatase activity as early as 30 minutes after the injection of endotoxin, and by light microscopy random focal necrosis of liver cells at 1 hour and fibrin thrombi formation in sinusoids especially within the area of necrosis at 3 hours. However, ultrastructural alteration was noted as early as 5 minutes after the injection of endotoxin characterized by marked dilatation of RER. The degree of necrosis, fibrin thrombus formation, and the elevation of free acid phosphatase activity in the liver homogenates seemed to parallel each other suggesting a possible interrelationship among these phenomena. However, the ultrastructnral changes of the hepatocytes were present far ahead of the appearance of fibrin thrombi formation. Therefore, the causal relationship of the fibrin thrombi to liver cell injury appeared unlikely. Despite the increase of free acid phosphatase activity in liver homogenates, no demonstrable structural disruption of lysosomal membrane was noted. In view of the prominent changes of RER 5 minutes after the endotoxin administration, the primary injurious effect of endotoxin affects the membrane system of all organelles including the lysosomal membrane, leading to the leakage of lysosomal enzymes into the cytoplasmic sap. Dexamethasone pretreatment alleviated necrosis and markedly inhibited fibrin thrombus formation, and the mechanism of this effect is considered to be a stabilizing effect of glucocorticoid upon membrane systems.
Acid Phosphatase/metabolism ; Animal ; Endotoxins* ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Liver/enzymology ; Liver/pathology* ; Liver Diseases/chemically induced ; Liver Diseases/metabolism ; Liver Diseases/pathology* ; Male ; Necrosis ; Rats