OBJECTIVE To probe into the managing countermeasures according to the existing problems of disinfection and sterilization(DS).METHODS The data come from National investigation of nosocomial infection(NI) organized by Department of Medical Administration,Ministry of Public Health at 18 hospitals in 6 Provinces and from survey of NI at hospitals in Beijing.RESULTS There are general problems of DS in hospitals.Such as the managers of hospital don′t pay attention to DS,the users are short of knowledge and their thoughts are outdated,selection of methods is not suitable,applying of disinfectant isn′t reasonable,articles of DS are polluted again and surveillance of DS is not standard, etc.CONCLUSIONS The work of DS is still poor and must be strengthened for preventing and controlling NI.

The surveillance of nocomial infections is reviewed.The success and failure of the sur- veys that have been carried out in our country up to the present are summed up.Many effective im- orovement measures to solve existing problems and relevant control policies are out forward.

Observations are made on 1208 postoperative cases and logistic analyses are centered on the risks related to postoperative hospital infections.It is discovered through observations that the rate of hospital infections is 7.5%.The infected parts are mainly the lower respiratory tract and the inci- sion.Logistic analyses of the risks indicate that postoperative hospital infections are related to preopera- tive hospitalization duration,the time span of endotracheal intubation,trachealaryngotomy and the re- tention of pleural drainage,type of operation,operational duration,and postoperative complication. Thesefore,hospitals should look seriously at the postoperative infection risks and take important steps to control them.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the characteristic of pulmonary infection especially for the Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia(PCP) after kidney transplantation and discuss the effective control measures to reduce the infection rate.METHODS The prospective investigation was conducted among in the kidney transplant patients with pneumonia between Jan and Feb in 2004.and the retrospective investigation was conducted among the cases with kidney transplant from Jan 2003 to Dec 2004 and the characteristic of PCP with other kinds of pneumonia was compared.RESULTS Ninety two cases with kidney transplant from Jan 2003 to Dec 2004 were investigated,of which 19 patients(20.7%) had pneumonia,8 PCPs(42.1%) occurred.The median of PCP appearing time was 61days after the operation.CONCLUSIONS The pneumonia is the most familiar infection after the kidney transplantation.Prevention from the pneumonia after the kidney transplantation,especially PCP is the keystone to reduce the infection for the kidney transplantation.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of electrophysiological examination for tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS).Methods Motor nerve conduction velocity (MCV),sensory nerve conduction velocity (SCV),F wave and electromyographic measurements were carried out with 26 clinically suspected TTS patients.Results Of the 26,22 patients were unilaterally affected and 4 were bilaterally affected,so 30 tarsal tunnels in total were affected.All received electrophysiological examination.Of the 30 affected tarsal tunnels,abnormal MCV was detected in 28 of the posterior tibial nerves (93.3％),while abnormal SCV was detected in 27 medial plantar nerves (90％) and 24 lateral plantar nerves (80％).Needle electromyography of 156 targeted foot muscles detected abnormal spontaneous potentials in 90 of them (57.7％),giant potential in 12 muscles (7.7％) and decreased recruitment in 76 (48.7％).Conclusions The distal posterior tibial nerve is impaired in TTS,presenting axonal damage in an electrophysiological examination.Such examinations should have an important role in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of TTS.

Objective To explore the cost of healthcare-associated infection (HAI)management in a tertiary first-class hospital,provide data support for cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis of HAI management,and provide scientific evidence for the rational allocation of hospital resources.Methods Micro-costing study was used to calcu-late the direct cost of the department of HAI management by collecting the quantity and unit price of each item. Results The total cost of HAI management in this hospital in 2013 were about ￥870 000,including human cost￥790 000,depreciated fixed assets ￥34 501 ,low-value consumption goods ￥3 800,publicity and training￥33 600,office consumables ￥5 208;average cost were ￥12.16 per person and ￥529.69 per bed.Conclusion Human cost is the main cost in HAI management in this hospital.

BACKGROUND: Total flavone of ginkgo biloba(TFG) can affect on free radical, but the effect on apoptosis induced by cerebral ischemia is unclear.OBJECTIVE: To study the inhibitory effect of TFG on apoptosis induced by cerebral ischemia.DESIGN: Completely randomized controlled experimental study based on experimental animals.SETTING: Department of pharmacology in a university.MATERIALS: Totally 24 SD rats in half genders with clean grade and body mass of(250 ± 50) g, were divided into 4 groups at random: sham-operation group, model group, TFG 40 rmg/kg group and TFG 80 mg/kg group (Certificate No. 01).METHODS: This study was completed in the Department of Pharmacology,Anhui Medical University during October 2001 and January 2002. Incomplete cerebral ischemia was made by ligating bilateral common carotid arteries(CCA) in rats. The cerebral injury was evaluated by brain edema. The apoptosis was determined by terminal deoxy-nucleotidyl transforase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end-labeling(TUNEL) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) method. The DNA fragmentation analysis was measured with the diphenylamine reagent method.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Major factor: Effect of TFG on ultrastructral alteration of apoptotic cerebral cortex cells; Secondary factor: Effect of TFG on DNA fragmentation induced by cerebral ischemia.RESULTS: Ligating of bilateral CCA markedly induced apoptotic cell in cerebral cortex. TFG 80 mg/kg significantly inhibited brain edema( P ＜ 0.05 )and decreased the numbers of apoptotic cells in cortex( P ＜ 0.01 ) and improved ultrastructral alteration of apoptotic cells; TFG 40, 80 rmg/kg also inhibited the increase of DNA fragmentation induced by cerebral ischemia (P ＜0.05, P ＜0.01).CONCLUSION: TFG has inhibitory effect on ischemia-induced apoptosis of cerebral cortex and improve the ultrastructual changes of apoptosis. Moreover,TFG can relieve the occurrence of edema of ischemic brain tissue and inhibit the increase of DNA section induced by cerebral ischemia.

Aim To study protective effects of Total of flacone C(TFC) against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.Methods Four-vessel occlusion method was used to make acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model. Rats were initiated by ischemia for 30 min followed by 40 min of reperfusion.The electroencephalography(EEG) during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion was recorded.The level of intracellular calcium ion concentration([Ca~(2+)]i) in cerebral cells after ischemia was measured by using a Ca~(2+) indicator Fura-2/AM.Superoxide dismutase(SOD),Glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px),Lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),nitric oxide Synthase(NOS) activeties and Malondialdehyde(MDA),Nitric Oxide(NO)contents in the ischemia cerebral cortex were measured.Results TFC can improved the EEG change,significantly attenuated the decrease of the intracellular calcium ion concentration([Ca~(2+)]_i), remarkly increased GSH-Px,SOD and NOS activities in the cerebrum,inhibit the decrease of LDH activity and NO,MDA contents.Conclusion TFC has protective effects on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury,the mechanism may be related to attenuating free radical,[Ca~(2+)]i overload and NO.

Objective To observe the protective effect of total flavone of Camellia (TFC)against cerebral ischemic injury.Methods Decapitation method and close hypoxia method were used to observe the effect of TFC on anoxic tolerance of mice and step down test was used to observe the effect of TFC on learning and memory; after ischemia, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA)and nitric oxide (NO)and the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)were detected. Rat models with acute incompletely cerebral ischemia were established by means of ligating right common carotid arteries and effect of TFC on cerebral water volume, permeability of cerebral vessels and cerebral histopathological changes were also observed.Results TFC prolonged the grasping time after decapitation and the survival time after anoxia in mice, and improve the learning and memory during the step down test. TFC decreased MDA and NO contents, counteracted the de creases of LDH activities in the mice cerebral cortex, reduced the water volume and permeability of cerebral vessels in ischemic rats and improve the cerebral hitstopathological changes. Conclusion TFC has protective effects against cerebral ischemic injury and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of free radicals and NO production.

Aim To observe the effect of Guishao-tongluo ( GSTL ) on the angiogenesis of vasa vasorum and oxidative stress in the early stage of atherosclero-sis. Methods The rabbits ( n =84 ) were randomly divided into 7 groups (n=12):control group,high-fat group, adventitial injury group, GSTL high(GH)and medium ( GM ) dose group, atorvastain group ( ATO ) , and Tongxinluo group ( TXL ) . The normal group was fed with common foodstuffs, and high-fat foodstuffs for the high-fat group to establish an early model of hyper-lipidemia, and all the other groups were fed with high-fat diet combined with carotid artery cannula to build early atherosclerosis carotid artery injury rabbit mod-els. The GSTL high and medium dose was given Guishaotongluo ultrafine powder 4. 16,2. 08 g·kg-1 · d-1 respectively. The atorvastain group and Tongxinluo group were given suspension of atorvastain solution 2. 5 mg·kg-1 ·d-1 , Tongxinluo supermicro powder 0. 6 g ·kg-1 ·d-1 . All groups were treated with gastric per-fusion for 4 weeks. Biochemical method was applied to detect blood lipid change. HE staining was used to ob-serve the pathological morphology of intima-media. Aactivity of serum superoxide dismutase( SOD) ,malon-dialdehyde ( MDA ) content and the total antioxidant capacity ( T-AOC ) in artery serum were detected. NADPH subunits p22phox mRNA, gp91phox mRNA in carotid arteries were located and semi-quantitated by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The expression of VEGF, VEGFR-2 in the carotid artery adventitia was detected by Western blot. Results Compared with normal group,the contents of TC,TG and LDL-C were significantly increased, and VEGF, VEGFR-2 protein levels were remarkly increased in high-fat and adventi-tial injury group. The carotid artery injuries,the degree of angiogenesis of vasa vasorum and NADPH subunits p22phox, gp91phox mRNA in adventitia tissue of the GH,GM, ATO and TXL group were milder in varying degrees compared with those of the vasa injury group. Also the activity of SOD,T-AOC increased,while MDA content,VEGF,VEGFR-2 protein levels were remarkly decreased ( P < 0. 5 or P < 0. 01 ) . Conclusions GSTL can inbibit adventitial neovascularization in the early stage of atherosclerosis, and its mechanism might be related to the increase of total antioxidant capacity of the vascular system and adventitia tissue.