The article discusses the integration of the contents on the human anatomy and medical imaging.Through construction of the human anatomy and medical imaging course system and the implementation of teaching,we have overcome the defects of separation of anatomy and medical imaging knowledge and received better teaching results.

BACKGROUND: MRI is a gold standard for imaging diagnosis of knee joint disease, but it cannot accurately quantitate effusion of knee.OBJECTIVE: To investigate different volume of contrast-medium in the cavity of knee with MRI scanning to provide objective evidence and quantitaive standard for clinical diagnosis of effusion in the cavity of knee.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: Quantitative observation was performed in the MRI Room, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College from October to December 2008.MATERIALS: Ten samples of fresh normal adult knee joint.METHODS: Puncture with the needle retaining in the cavity of knee of normal adult corpse without effusion or pneumatosis was performed, and 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 mL contrast-medium was injected into the cavity. Coronal section, vertical plane and transect were scanned with T2WI, 4 mm thickness and 1 mm interval by MRI.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The distribution of different amounts of contrast agent in the knee cavity and peripheral synovial bursa in knee coronal plane and sagittal cross-sections.RESULTS:?MRI scanning from coronal section: after 10 mL contrast-medium injection, in the center of medial knee joint, high visual signal was seen in the cavity of joint; after 15 mL contrast-medium injection, scanning between femora and patella, high visual signals were observed; after 20 mL contrast-medium injection, scanning by posterior internal and external condyle of knee, high visual signals were found in 80% of internal and external recess of posterosuperior of thighbone.?MRI scaning at 1.5 cm from internal vertical plane of middle knee: after 5 mL contrast-medium injection, high visual signal area appeared in intercondylar eminence, narrowing gradually, and 70% of posterosuperior internal condyle of tibia; after 10 mL contrast-medium injection, high visual signals appeared at the 1/3 point under suprapatellar bursa; after 15 and 20 mL contrast-medium injection, high visual signal appeared in 80% of 1/3 point of suprapatellar bursa; after 30 and 40 mL contrast-medium injection, high visual signal was seen both internal and external recess of posterosuperior knee.?MRI scanning from inframarginal Apex of patella of knee transect: after 5 mL contrast-medium injection, high visual signal appeared in 90% area at 1/3 point posterior articular cavity; after more than 10 mL contrast-medium injection, high visual signal was seen in 70% area of anterior thighbone facet. CONCLUSION: By injecting different volumes of contrast-medium into the knee cavity and peripheral synovial bursa, reference standard can be constructed according to different volumes of effusion, which is significant for diagnosis of effusion of knee cavity and peripheral synovial bursa with MRI.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical effects of transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) or posterior lumbar interbody fusion(PLIF) using microendoscopic discectomy under X-Tube system in treatment of lumbar degenerative disc diseases.MethodsFrom December 2007 to April 2008,32 patients with low back disorders were treated by microendoscopic discectomy TLIF or PLIF under X-Tube system,including 19 cases in TLIF and 13 in PLIF.Etiologies including lumbar disc herniation combined with segmental instability in 21 cases,and spondylolisthesis in 11 cases.All patients were under regular postoperative follow-up and radiological examination.The clinical functional outcomes were evaluated according to Oswestry disability questionnaire.ResultsThe mean operation time was 120 min(range,90-180),and the average blood loss was 190 ml (range,100-400).There were no complications,such as infection and internal fixation failure.Bony fusion was achieved in all patients.The follow-up was from 14 months to 41 months with 21 months in the average.The average 0swestry scores decreased from preoperative 40.1％±4.1％ to 9.5％±3.7％ three months after the operation.The outcomes of this operation were rated as excellent.ConclusionMicroendoscopic discectomy TLIF or PLIF under X-Tube system in treatment of lumbar degenerative disc diseases has the characteristics of less blood loss,tissue trauma and quick recovery.

Objective To investigate the preliminary clinical application of anterior pedicle screws in treatment of the lower cervical spine injuries. Methods The study involved 22 patients with lower cervical spine injuries treated with anterior pedicle screw technique from January 2009 to December 2011.X-ray and CT images of the patients were taken postoperatively to evaluate whether the position,orientation and length of the screws were appropriate and whether there involved pedicle cortex perforation,transverse foramen or spinal canal invasion.MRI was also performed to ascertain the situation of decompression,the formation of epidural hematoma and the degeneration of cervical spinal cord.The improvement of JOA score was compared statistically. Results All the patients were followed up for 3-36 months ( mean,15.5 months).A total of 44 anterior lower cervical screws were implanted and all screws were inserted smoothly.All the patients had bone healing after average 4.5 months,which showed no loosening,prolapse or breakage of the screws or no loosening of the plate.One patient showed hoarseness postoperatively,which was probably due to the long-term distraction of recurrent laryngeal nerve.The symptom disappeared at around three weeks after neurotrophic support.Two patients complained of dysphagia postoperatively,and were informed of keeping a soft diet.The symptom was remarkably alleviated after three months or so.The X-ray films indicated satisfactory position of the implanted screws.Before discharge,the transaxial CT images showed that two screws perforated the medial pedicle cortex ( 1 ° ) and that two screws perforated the lateral cortex (1 °) and affected the medial margin of the transverse foramen.Before discharge,the MRI indicated obvious alleviation of the anterior spinal cord compression in all patients and a small amount of anterior epidural hematoma in four patients,with no obvious spinal cord compression.At 12 months after operation,the MRI showed significant improvement of spinal cord degeneration in three patients.JOA score was increased from preoperative (8.5 ± 0.7) to ( 14.5 ± 0.8 ) before discharge (P ＜0.01 ).JOA score was (15.7 ±0.7) at six months postoperatively,which was significantly improved as compared with that before discharge. Conclusions Anterior pedicle screw fixation is a reliable and safe method for reconstruction of the anterior lower cervical injuries.Surgical indications should be strictly controlled in its clinical application.

Objective To discuss the strategies for treatment of lower cervical distractive flexion injuries. Methods Sixty-eight patients including 43 males and 25 females at age range of 18-72 years (average 43 years) suffered from lower cervical distractive flexion injuries were operated from January 2002 to June 2007. According to Allen's classification, there were 7 patients at grade Ⅰ, 19 at grade Ⅱ,29 at grade Ⅲ and 13 at grade Ⅳ. Temporary skull traction was used for each subject before surgery. Only posterior approach was performed in 26 patients who were fixated by pedicle screw system,lateral mass screw system or transarticular screw system. Combined anterior and posterior approach was applied for the other 42 patients at one stage. The curative effect was followed up for all patients after the procedures. Results All patients were followed up for 6-65 months ( average 34 months), which showed posterior incision infection in 2 patients who were cured after debridement or change dressing. Two patients with aggravated neural symptome were cured following treatment with methylprednisolone. Neural function was improved at least for one level in all patients except for 18 patients (Frankel A). Of 11 patients at grade B, there were 4 patients improved to grade C and 5 to grade D. Of 10 patients at grade C, there were 6 patients recovered to grade D and 4 to grade E. All 15 patients at grade D reached grade E. It was not found loosening, breakage or defuxion. The graft bone was fused within 3-4 months, with no any complications related to surgical fixation. Conclusions The strategies for lower cervical distractive flexion injuries should be taken according to Allen' s classification. Single posterior procedure is suitable for grade Ⅰ and Ⅱ injuries. While combined posterior and anterior procedure can be used for grade Ⅲ and Ⅳ injuries.

Objective To explore the clinical outcomes of anterior plate fixation through transoral approach in the treatment of unstable atlas fractures.Methods From March 2004 to May 2010,20 patients with unstable atlas fractures were treated by anterior plate fixation through transoral approach,including 12 males and 8 females,aged from 23 to 68 years (average,47.7±13.9 years).Of the 20 cases of unstable atlas fractures,4 cases were classified as anterior 1/2 Jefferson fracture,8 cases as 1/2 ring Jefferson fracture,and 8 cases as anterior 3/4 ring Jefferson fracture.The preoperative average VAS scores were 6.0±1.3 points,ranged from 4 to 8 points.Clinical and imaging examinations were performed during follow-up period to evaluate the outcomes.Results All patients were followed up for 12 to 81 months,with an average of 48.5±20.0 months.There were no screw loosing and breakage,no plate displacement,and no spinal cord and vertebral artery injury during operation.A total of 20 plates were placed and all 40 screws were inserted into atlas lateral mass.Computed tomography scans demonstrated 2 screws were placed too close to the vertebral artery canal,but without clinical consequences.The postoperative VAS scores were from 0 to 3 points with an average of 1.3±1.0 points.Static and dynamic films 6 months after surgery demonstrated that fusion was achieved in all cases.Atlantoaxial rotational function was restored satisfactorily.No plate-related complication was observed in all patients in the whole follow-up period.Conclusion Anterior plate fixation through transoral approach is an effective method for management of unstable atlas fractures,which has advantages such as solid bony fusion and low incidence of complication.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of modified vacuum sealing drainage (VSD) technique in treating refractory sinus in the lower leg.

METHODSFrom January 2010 to December 2011, 11 patients with refractory sinus in the lower leg, including 7 males and 4 females, with an average age of 34.5 years (ranged,23 to 56). These patients were treated with modified VSD technique after thorough cleaning sinus and continuous washing. After 14 to 21 days of treatment, removed VSD and re-debrided the sinus and sutured wound.

RESULTSInfections got control after operation, sinus in the lower leg healed. All patients were followed up from 6 to 14 months with an average of 10 months, no recidivations were found.

CONCLUSIONModified VSD technique is an effective method in the treatment of stubborn sinus in the lower leg.

Adult ; Drainage ; methods ; Female ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Leg Bones ; injuries ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Complications ; therapy ; Vacuum