Chao Yuan-fang's The Origin and Indicators of Disease(Zhu Bing Yuan Hou Lun) established a foundation for the treatment for impotence from the kidney.Most doctors in all the past dynasties thought that impotence was mainly caused by the kidney vacuity.Some doctors in the Jin and Ming dynasties treated impotence from the liver.In the Qing dynasty,Chen Shi-duo treated impotence from the heart and Han Shan-zheng treated impotence by nourishing yin.The article considers that impotence should be treated from the kidney vacuity,liver depression and blood stasis with the age,constitution,occupation aad region of the patients according to the common patterns of impotence in the modern times.

Doctors in history always payed attention to yang qi in chest obstruction with pain theorectically and clinically,because yang defi ciency of fi ve viscera may cause chest obstruction with pain,method of supporting yang should be adopted in treating angina pectoris.According to symptoms some concrete treatment should be taken,such as warming yang for dispelling cold,benefi ting qi and reinforcing yang,relieving obstruction of yang and dredging channel blockage,restoring yang and rescuing patient from collapse,dispersing stagnated yang for relieving qi stagnation,and so on.

Biological, psychological and sociological model of medicine substantializes the old model lacking the social humane attributes. The new medical model makes people take medical anthropology into research and highly evaluate traditional medical system. Cultural anthropology of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is part of medical anthropology with three major characteristics: wide research scope, specificity, and integration. It has developed its own research methods, such as field investigation, comprehensive inspection and comparison study. Cultural anthropology provides an efficient research method for TCM, and its application would further develop TCM theory and form comprehensive evaluation on TCM effects.

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the processing technology of rehmanniae radix praeparata. METHODS:Using transfer rates of catalpol,rehmaionoside D,acteoside,isoacteoside,polysaccharide as indexes for comprehensive score,heating tempera-ture(pressure),heating time and heating times as investigating factors,L9(34)orthogonal test was used to optimize the processing technology of rehmanniae radix praeparata,and verification test was conducted. RESULTS:The optimal processing technology of rehmanniae radix praeparata was as follow as heating temperature of 125 ℃,pressure of 150 kPa for twice,2 h every time. The comprehensive scores of 3 batches of samples were 0.6985,0.6755,0.7016 in the verification test,respectively,RSDs were less than 5%(n=3). CONCLUSIONS:Optimized processing technology is simple,stable,feasible,and can provide reference for in-dustrial production of rehmanniae radix praeparata.

Objective To investigate the CT and MRI features of supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors (sPNET)in adults,and to analyze the reasons of misdiagnosis.Methods The CT and MRI features of 1 5 patients with sPNET confirmed by pathology were analyzed retrospective.13 of 15 patients were underwent plain and contrast enhanced MRI,4 patients were also performed CT scan and the other 2 patients were underwent CT plain scan only.Results Nine of 1 5 lesions were located in the temporal and/or frontal lobe,with clear margin in 12 lesions,and mild to moderate peritumoral was noted in most cases.The solid portion of the lesions were hyperdense on CT,isointense or slightly hypointense on T1WI,and isointense or hyperintense on T2WI compared to the gray matter.Calcification (2/6),necrosis or cystic degeneration(1 3/1 5),hemorrhage (8/1 5)and flow void signal (1 1/1 3)were seen.Twelve lesions showed significantly heterogeneous enhancement and 7 lesions showed irregular ring-enhancement.The solid parts in 5 lesions showed hyperintensity on diffusion-weighted imaging. Preoperatively,the lesions were misdiagnosed as glioma in 10 cases,ependymoma in 2 cases,meningioma in 1 case and germ cell tumor in 1 case, respectively;and 1 case was not diagnosed definitely.Conclusion Supratentorial PNET in adults has characteristic CT and MRI features,and the main reasons accounting for misdiagnosis are its extraordinary low incidence and that radiologists do no master its imaging features.

Objective To illustrate the CT,MRI and PET-CT features of spinal osteoblastoma,and provide an important reference for the preoperative diagnosis and assessment.Methods The imaging and clinical data in 16 cases of spinal osteoblastoma confirmed by surgery and pathology were analyzed retrospectively.Results Age of onset in 11 cases ranged from 10 to 29 years old,5 cases from 30 to 51 years old.Tumors were originated from the spine appendage in 13 cases,and from the vertebral bodies in 3 cases.Tumors presented as expansive bone destruction in 6 cases,and as osteolytic bone destruction in 10 cases.13 cases were diagnosed as benign diseases and 3 cases as invasive ones.Calcification or ossification was seen in all cases,with sclerotic margin of variable thickness and peripheral patchy high density of bone sclerosis.The soft tissue mass was found in 15 cases and intraspinal involvement was showed in 13 cases.The tumors showed isointensity or hypointensity on T 1WI,isointensity or hyper-intensity on T2WI in 13 cases,and showed heterogenous enhancement after contrast administration in 13 cases.PET-CT depicted the nodular or lobulated distribution of radioactive tracer with high radioactive concentration,with increment in standardized uptake value in 5 cases.Conclusion The typical imaging signs of spinal osteoblastoma were expansile,osteolytic bone destruction of the spine appendage,accompanying the soft tissue mass,with a speckled or nodular pattern of calcification or ossification within the lesions.Inhomogeneous signal intensity and inhomogeneous enhancement on MRI and nodular or lobulated high radioactive concentration for the tumors on PET-CT are found.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of six MRI characteristic features for diagnosing central neurocytoma (CN).Methods MRI data of 30 cases of CN and 68 cases of non-CN located in lateral ventricles were retrospectively analyzed.Six characteristic MRI features,including scalloping sign,broad-based attachment sign,soapbubble sign,peripheral cyst sign,fluid-fluid level sign and gemstone sign were scored based on a five-point scale.ROC curve was used to assess the diagnostic value of each MRI sign.Results The scalloping sign showed the highest area under the curve (AUC) value (0.82) among all 6 signs (all P＜0.05),followed by broad-based attachment,soap-bubble andperipheral cyst signs (AUC 0.73-0.75),higher than that of fluid-fluid level sign and gemstone sign (all P＜0.05).The scalloping sign exhibited the highest specificity (84.56 ％),followed by fluid-fluid level (77.94 ％),gemstone (74.26 ％) and peripheral cyst (70.34％) sign.The soap-bubble sign (83.89％) was the most sensitive sign,followed by broad-based attachment sign (76.11％) and peripheral cyst sign (75.00％).Conclusion The scalloping sign is the most valuable indicator for CN among six characteristic MRI features.

OBJECTIVE： To study improvement effects of different proportions of total glucosides of ginseng （TGG）， total glucosides of moutan cortex （TGM） and paeonol containing serum on the injury of human umbilical vein endothelial cells （HUVEC） injury induced by hydrogen peroxide （H2O2）， screen the optimal proportion and investigate its mechanism. METHODS： The rats were randomly divided into blank group （distilled water）， TGG group （TGG， 2.025 g/kg）， TGM group （TGM， 4.05      g/kg） and paeonol group （paeonol， 1.08 g/kg）， with 12 rats in each group. They were given relevant medicine twice a day for consecutive 7 days. 1 h after last medication， the blood samples were collected via abdominal aorta to prepare drug containing serum. Using survival rate of HUVEC as evaluation indexes， different proportions of TGG， TGM and paeonol containing serum as factors， L9（34） orthogonal test was designed to optimize the optimal proportion of 3 kinds of drug containing serum. HUVEC were divided into blank group， model group， TGG group， TGM group， paeonol group and optimal proportion group. Except that blank group were treated with relevant medium， other group were treated with 1.2 mmol/L H2O2 to induce HUVEC injury， and then TGG group （volume fraction of drug containing serum was 0.000 5％）， TGM group （volume fraction of drug containing serum was 0.000 5％）， paeonol group （volume fraction of drug containing serum was 1％） and optimal proportion group were intervened with drug containing serum. The levels of LDH， NO and ET-1 in cells were detected by microplate method and ELISA. RESULTS： The optimal proportion of drug containing serum were TGG 0.000 5％， TGM 0.000 5％ and paeonol 1％. Compared with blank group， the levels of LDH and ET-1 were higher in model group （P＜0.01）， while NO level was lower （P＜0.05）. Compared with model group， the levels of NO were higher in TGG group， TGM group and optimal proportion group （P＜0.01）， while the levels of LDH and ET-1 were lower （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared with TGG group， TGM group and paeonol group， the level of LDH was lower in optimal proportion group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）， while the level of NO was higher （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS： TGG and TGM combined with paeonol can significantly improve HUVEC injury induced by H2O2， and the mechanism of which may be associated with the decrease of LDH and ET-1 and the increase of NO.

OBJECTIVE： To establish content determination method for simultaneously determining aucubin，geniposidic acid，catechin，chlorogenic acid，asperuloside，rutin，isoquercitrin and astragalin in Eucommia ulmoides leaves. METHODS：HPLC method was adopted. The determination was performed on Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 column with the mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-0.1％ phosphoric acid（gradient elution） at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 203 nm for aucubin and catechin，239 nm for geniposidic acid and asperuloside，220 nm for chlorogenic acid，354 nm for rutin and isoquercitrin，and 266 nm for astragalin. The sample size was 5 μL. RESULTS： The linear range of aucubin， geniposidic acid， catechin， chlorogenic acid， asperuloside， rutin， isoquercitrin and astragalin were 0.812-6.090 μg（r＝0.999 3），0.438-3.285 μg（r＝0.999 2），0.045-0.336 μg（r＝0.999 2），0.882-6.615 μg（r＝0.999 3），0.097-0.726 μg（r＝0.999 1），0.064-0.483 μg（r＝0.999 3），0.048-0.360 μg（r＝0.999 1） and 0.014-0.108 μg（r＝0.999 7），respectively. RSDs of precision， stability and reproducibility tests were all lower than 3.5％（n＝6）. The average recovery rates were 101.60％，103.06％，99.77％，96.93％，98.17％，96.75％，98.97％ and 99.60％，with RSDs of 1.42％，2.65％，2.78％，2.05％，2.26％，0.93％，2.79％ and 3.08％，respectively（n＝6）. The contents of aucubin， geniposide， catechin， chlorogenic acid， plantain， rutin， isoquercetin and astragaloside in 12 batches of E. ulmoides leaves from different collection time and planting varieties were 10.903-17.245， 5.578-7.892， 0.198-0.440， 13.890-19.782， 1.008-1.547， 1.102-2.396， 0.267-0.701， 0.150-0.412 mg/g， respectively. The content fluctuated greatly. The contents of aucubin， geniposide， catechin， chlorogenic acid， rutin and pinoresinol diglucoside in cortex of E. ulmoides were 0.299， 0.123， 0.580， 0.112， 0.026，1.961 mg/g， respectively. CONCLUSIONS： The method is simple， reproducible and accurate. It can be used to evaluate the quality of E. ulmoides leaves. There are obvious differences in composition and content of components in different medicinal parts （cortex， leaves） of E. ulmoides.