ObjectiveTo investigate the genomic and non-genomic effects of 17β-estradiol on gallbladder smooth muscle strips of guinea pig and their possible mechanism. MethodsAfter ovariectomized operation (OVX) and subcutaneous injection of 17β-estradiol, the contents of serum estradiol and cholecystokinin-octopeptide (CCK-8) of the sham operation group (Sham) guinea pigs, the OVX group, the OVX and subcutaneous injection 17β-estradiol for 1 day (OVX+E2, 1 d), 3 days (OVX+E2, 3 d) and 7 days (OVX+E2, 7 d) were detected by EILSA respectively. The effects of CCK-8/Ach on constriction of gallbladder muscle strip were observed among various groups by using tension transducer, and the acute effects of 17β-estradiol on guinea pig gallbladder smooth muscle strips were observed to probe its possible mechanism. ResultsCompared with the Sham group, the serum contents of estradiol and CCK-8 decreased in OVX group (P＜ 0. 05) whereas the sensitivity of OVX guinea pigs gallbladder muscle strips to CCK-8/Ach increased (P＜0.05). With the extension of the subcutaneous injection 17β-estradiol time (for 1, 3, 7 days), both the serum estradiol and CCK level increased (P＜ 0.05) while the guinea pig gallbladder strips sensitivity to CCK-8/Ach decreased (P＜0.05).17β-estradiol at concentration ranging from 10 9 to 10-7 mol/L have no effect on the guinea pig gallbladder strips contraction (P＞0.05), but at concentration of 10-6 and 10 5 mol/L, it can inhibit the gallbladder contraction (P＜0.05). The blocking agents, such as nimodipine, atropine, devazepide, ICI 182,780 and Y-27632, can block the inhibited effects of 17β-estradiol. ConclusionThe 17β-estradiol can affect the gallbladder motility, both by genomic and non-genomic pathway.

This article describes the design and development of an ultrasonic power meter which is consist of an electronic balance, a practice target, an acoustic enclosures and a blocking. The electronic balance mounted on the blocking is linked with the practice target by connecting rod. By adjusting the blocking makes the practice target suspended above ultrasound probe, and then the ultrasonic power can be measured. After initial tests, the ultrasonic power meter performanced with good stability and high precision.
Equipment Design ; Ultrasonics

OBJECTIVE To provide the suggestions for improving t he enthusiasm of the public to report adverse drug reactions （ADRs），promoting pharmaceutical manufacturers to improve the smoothness of ADR reporting channels by the public and the enthusiasm of assuming the main responsibility for drug safety ，and to provide reference for the performance of drug safety supervision by regulatory departments in China. METHODS Taking 180 pharmaceutical manufacturers that had entered the top 1 000 in the world as the objects ，the questionnaire was prepared to investigate the smoothness of ADR reporting channels through 4 channels：contact number ，e-mail，official website and new media （including Wechat and microblog ） of enterprise . The questionnaire involved the establishment of public reporting channels ，the records and the feedback of enterprises. The existing problems were analyzed and suggestions were put forward. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS More than 70％ of pharmaceutical manufacturers in China had established the channels for reporting ADR by the public ，which were mainly regular channels such as contact numbers and e-mail ，and each channel had the phenomenon that ADR information couldn ’t be reported. More than 60％ of the public channels established by manufactures lacked inquiry and supplement for the miss ing part of th e reported information ； only 24 pharmaceutical manufacturers provided feedback on ADR information ，and the feedback contents were monotonous. gywf2021-11It is suggested that pharmaceutical manufacturers should pay more attention to ADR monitoring among the public ，consider increasing multiple reporting channels while ensuring the smoothness of channels ，strengthen the training of employee ’s information collection ability to improve the quality of information ，timely feed back the ADR information reported by the public ， and increase the feedback content concerned by the public.