OBJECTIVE:To fathom the overseas research method for the evaluation of pharmacoeconomics and to improve the development of pharmacoeconomics in China and provide scientific bases for clinical rational use of medicine.METHODS:The research paper abroad introducing the latest therapeutic scheme for breast cancer was taken as an example to expound the method of applying Markov model in the evaluation of pharmacoeconomics.RESULTS & CONCLUSION:Drawing useful experience from abroad about the analytical method and using decision analytic model for the study of pharmacoeconomics are conducive to the development of pharmacoeconomics in China.

OBJECTIVE: To explore a research path and statistical analytical method for cost-utility analysis suitable for gallstone surgery patients.METHODS: A decision-making model for the treatment of cholelithiasis surgery was established;the costs(C) and utility values at each nodal point(? U) were collected,with the results subjected to sensitivity analysis and threshold analysis.RESULTS: The cost-utility ratios(CUR) of laparoscopic operation and open surgery were 4 605.6(? 30%) yuan/QALY and 5 979.7(? 30%) yuan/QALY,respectively.One dimension sensitivity analysis of each( every) parameter reveals that the former CUR value is greater than the latter one.C1 and ? U1 showed the biggest impact on the CUR of laparoscopic operation,while C5 and ? U5 did on the CUR of open surgery.When C1=10 205.6 yuan,or ? U1=1.303 or C5=10 979.8 yuan or ? U5=3.095,CUR of laparoscopic operation was equal to CUR of open surgery,which means that the conversion of threshold was achieved.CONCLUSION: The designed research path and statistic analytic methods are suitable for the cost-utility analysis of cholelithiasis surgery patients.

纳武单抗（nivolumab）为一全人源化IgG4 单克隆抗体靶向PD-1免疫检查点抑制剂，主要通过克服患者体内的免疫抑 制，重新激活免疫细胞来杀伤肿瘤细胞，是一种全新的抗肿瘤理念。纳武单抗作为抗PD-1 受体免疫检查点抑制剂，可通过封闭 T 淋巴细胞的PD-1，阻断其与肿瘤细胞表面PD-L1 结合，解除肿瘤细胞对免疫细胞的抑制，使免疫细胞重新发挥抗肿瘤免疫作用 而杀伤肿瘤细胞。纳武单抗于2015年3月被美国FDA批准治疗铂基治疗进展后转移性鳞状非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）。7个月后， FDA在同样条件下批准该药物用于非鳞状NSCLC患者。本文主要介绍纳武单抗的药物作用机制、药效学、药动学、临床试验和 安全性等的最新研究进展，为临床用药提供参考。