Pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) combined with ribavirin (PR regimen) has been used in China for more than 10 years.With the development of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs),the therapeutic regimens for hepatitis C has become more and more diverse.In the regimen of DAAs combined with PR regimen,IFN helps to benefit the long-term prognosis of patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC),and the addition of DAAs may improve therapeutic effect,shorten the course of treatment,and further improve the current status of treatment of CHC.This article introduces the advantages and disadvantages of PR regimen,DAAs combined with PR regimen,and oral regimen with DAAs,in order to investigate the therapeutic regimens suitable for different CHC patients and provide a reference for clinical practice.

Objectives To review our initial experience with the Ho:YAG laser in treating superficial bladder tumors.Methods Ho:YAG laser was applied for treating 52 cases of bladder tumors which were confirmed by cystoscopy and pathology with totally 87 tumors.All tumors were in stage Ta～T 2 and tumors grade G1～G2.The optical fiber was put into bladder through cystoscopy.Ho:YAG laser was used endoscpically to cut and vaporize bladder tumor and normal bladder mucosa near the tumor.Results Nine of 52 patients were performed under local anesthesia in outpatient.Operation time was apparently short (mean 25 minutes) Histopathology of biopsies showed no cancer cells left.There were no intraoperative complication such as bleeding,perforation and delay complication.Catheter time is very short,about 1～3 days or without catheter at all.None of the ureteral orifice were damaged in seven cases of bladder tumors near the ureteral orifice.Six patients were recrred during our follow-up in 50 patients (12%).Conclusions It has been demonstrated that Ho:YAG laser therapy is provided with advantages of simple procedure,the absence of complication,high patient satisfaction,and ability to be used in the outpatient.It is more convenience than TUR-Bt in tumors in the neck of bladder or apex of bladder.

Objective To study the volume of total prostate and the volume of its transitional zone in different age groups of elderly men. Methods 213 elderly men of 50 to 79 years of age from a community of Beijing city were divided into 3 groups and studied. The volume of total prostate and the volume of the transitional zone were measured by rectal ultrasonography and the index of the transitional zone was calculated. All the data were evaluated with statistical analysis. Results The number of subjects in the 50～59 age group was 75,in the 60～69 age group 81 and in the 70～79 age group 57.The volume of total prostate was 23.82?8.83,29.16?10.01 and 33.77?11.74 respectively and the transitional zone 1.52?1.19, 3.60?3.66 and 7.25?7.02ml respectively. The index of transitional was 0.10?0.12, 0.13?0.11, 0.20?0.11 respectively. The difference in volume of the total prostate has not been statistically significant whereas the difference in the volume of the transitional zone between the 3 age groups has been significant. Conclusions The volume of total prostate and that of the transitional zone increases with age. The speed of hyperplasia of the transitional zone has been faster than that of the whole prostate.The index of the transitional zone indicates the difference of the whole prostate and the transitional zone in hyperplasia.

Objective To study the prostate volume,prostate weight and the clinical parameters in BPH patients and to investigate the interrelationships between the relevant parameters. Methods The complete data of 80 cases of BPH underwent open surgery were reviewed and analyzed.SPSS software was uesd to make the statistical analysis. Results The volume of surgical specimen has been positively correlated with PV( r=0.872,P

Objective Effect of baohuoside-Ⅰ from Cortex Periplocae on cell cycle of human esophageal carcinoma cell Eca-109 and its mechanism were studied.Methods After treatment with baohuoside-Ⅰ at different concentration(12.5,25,and 50 ?g/mL)for 24,48,and 72 h,the inhibitory effect on proliferation of Eca-109 cells was analyzed by MTT method.After treatment with baohuoside-Ⅰ under different concentration(12.5,25,and 50 ?g/mL)for 48 h,cell cycle of Eca-109 cells were measured with flow cytometry(FCM);The expression of Cyclin B1 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR technique.The expression of Cyclin B1 protein was detected by Western blotting.Results Baohuoside-Ⅰ of 25 and 50 ?g/mL inhibited the proliferation of Eca-109 cells significantly in an effect-concentration manner(P

Objective To explore the clinical,endoscopic,pathologic and prognostic characteristics of primary gastric lymphoma (PGL) and to improve the level of diagnosis and treatment.Methods Sixtythree patients who were confirmed as PGL with operation and endoscopic biopsy pathology during January 2001 to December 2010 were retrospectively analyzed with respects of clinical,endoscopic and pathologic features.Survival analysis and prognosis were evaluated by kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard model,respectively.Results In 63 PGL patients,the numbers of male and female were 40 and 23,respectively,and the average age was (59.8±13.3)years.The major symptoms were abdominal pain,abdominal distension,and gastrointestinal hemorrhage,accounting for 47.6 ％ (30/63),17.5 ％ (11/63),and 17.5 ％ (11/63),respectively.There were 39 (61.9 ％) PGL patients with endoscopic performance for ulcers,34 (54.0 ％) cases involved the gastric stomach antrum.The most immunohistochemistry analyses were diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (71.4 ％,45/63),followed by mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma (22.2％,14/63).The frequency of Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) positivity was lower in patients with DLBCL than that in patients with MALT lymphoma (37.8％(17/45) vs 10/14,x2 =4.872,P=0.027).The accumulate survival rates of one,three and five years were 74.6％,63.5％,55.6％,respectively,and the average survival time was (41.5±3.0) months (95％ confidence interval (CI) 35.7 to 47.4 months) in PGL patients.There was no difference in the average survival time between DLBCL patients treated with surgery combined chemotherapy and those with surgery or chemotherapy alone (38.33±5.21) months vs (50.17±8.98) months vs (41.39±4.40) months,P＞0.05).The patients diagnosed as DLBCL with H.pylori positive had longer average survival time than those with H.pylori negative ((51.90±4.30) months vs (33.30±4.50) months,t=-4.004,P＜0.01).Conclusions Male patients with PGL are slightly more than female.Abdominal pain is the most frequent symptom.Ulcerative lesions are the most common endoscopic demonstrations mostly at stomach sinus.DLBCL is the most pathologic characteristic.There is no significant difference in the survival rate between patients treated with surgery combined with chemotherapy and those treated with surgery or chemotherapy alone.

Objective To analyze the diabetes prevalence and it's risk factors among adults in Changsha city and provide the scientific evidence for diabetes prevention and control. Methods The stratified multi-stage cluster sampling method was used to collect data of residents(≥18 years old)from 5 counties or districts as the subjects during 2013 to 2014. The survey included structured questionnaire, physical examination and blood tests. Risk factors of diabetes were analyzed by Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 19 812 subjects were investigated. The effective response subjects were 19 580; 1 970 subjects had diabetes and the crude prevalence of diabetes was 10.06%. The prevalence rates of male and female was 8.95%(746/8 335) and 10.88%(1 224/11 245) respectively, with statistically significant difference(χ2=19.80, P<0.01). The prevalence rates of urban and suburb were 11.34%(1 048/9 238)and 8.92%(922/10 342)respectively,which has statistical significance (χ2=31.82,P<0.01).The prevalence of diabetes between 1.10%and 18.03%among all age groups, which has statistical significance among different age groups(χ2=797.67, P<0.01), and increased with the increase of age(χ2trend=731.99, P<0.01). The prevalence of diabetes of those whose educational background was Junior high school, senior high school, college, bachelor or above was 10.88%(1 529/14 050), 9.06%(290/3 201), 6.94%(97/1 398), 5.84%(52/891) respectively, The difference of diabetes prevalence also showed statistical significance among population with different educational background(χ2=46.62,P<0.01). The prevalence rates of people with hypertension and without hypertension were 18.33%(1 180/6 437)and 6.02%(790/13 132) respectively, which has statistical significance(χ2=723.68, P<0.01). The results of multi variant logistic regression analysis indicated that high blood pressure(OR=2.24), obesity(OR=2.12), overweight(OR=1.48), living in urban area(OR=1.54) and high age(OR=1.36)were independent risk factors of diabetes. Conclusion The diabetes prevalence in Changsha was high. The comprehensive prevention measures according to risk factors of diabetes should be taken, especially should focus on the people 40 years of age or older, with high blood pressure, being overweight or obese and living in urban area.

Objective: To analyze the influencing factors in thrombin titration for the determination of anticoagulant activity of Whitmania Pigra Whitman. Methods: The white porcelain plates were used as the titration carriers instead of tubes in the titration ( called white porcelain method for short) . The effect of different carriers, interval time of titration and thrombin concentration on the results of anticoagulant activity test was studied. Results:Under the same conditions, the anticoagulant activity was more accurate and stable using white porcelain method. Using white porcelain method with 20 u·ml-1 or 10 u·ml-1 as the thrombin concentration and titrating 5μl each time, once every minute, the thrombin consumption volume was linear with the sample concentration within the range of 0. 125-0. 333 g·ml-1(r20 =0. 961 and r10 =0. 992), and the anticoagulant activity respectively was (33. 08 ± 2. 64) and (31. 24 ±1.32) u·g-1(RSD20 =8.0% and RSD10 =4.2%). As for a certain sample concentration (0.333 g·ml-1), the theoretical error of determination was not more than 10% and 5%. Conclusion:The improved white porcelain method is more suitable for determining anticoagulant activity of Whitmania Pigra Whitman with more stable results and accurate end point states than tube method. Under the conditions of 10 u·ml-1 thrombin concentration, titrating 5μl each time, once every minute, the linearity, accuracy and precision are all promising.

Objective To investigate the role and possible mechanism of caveolin-1 (CAV1) in the forming of cholesterol gallstone in mice fed with lithogenic diet.Methods Cholesterol gallstone susceptible C57BL/6 mice were study objects.The mice of control group (n=6) and experiment group (n=6) were fed with normal diet and lithogenic diet for four weeks respectively.The condition of cholesterol gallstone forming,changes of serum lipid and bile composition were measured,and the expressions of CAV1 and scavenger receptor classB member Ⅰ (SR-BⅠ) at mRNA and protein level in the liver and gallbladder were detected by realtime-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot,respectively.The t test was performed for mean comparsion between the two groups.Results The incidence rate of gallstone in experimental group was 100％ after fed with lithogenic diet for four weeks,the lipid level significantly increased,and the proportion of cholesterol in bile raised and bile salt decreased.Compared with those of control group,the expressions of CAV1 at mRNA and protein level in the liver and gallbladder tissues siginificantly decreased (in liver tissue,mRNA 0.53 ± 0.13 vs 1.00 ± 0.32,t =3.330,protein level 0.39 ± 0.07vs 0.92±0.06,t=10.280; in gallbladder tissue,mRNA 0.40±0.22 vs 1.00±0.22,t=3.823,protein level 1.04±0.07 vs 1.34 ± 0.04,t =6.367,all P＜0.01).There was no significant difference in the relative expression of SR-BⅠ at mRNA and protein level in the liver and gallbladder tissues between the mice of experiment group and control group.Conclusion The changes of CAV 1 expression at mRNA and protein level in liver and gallbladder tissues may affect lipids metabolism and cholesterol transportation in liver and gallbladder tissues of experiment mice,which might play an important role in the formation of cholesterol gallstone.

Objective To study the change of clinical and urodynamic parameters in the patients with lower urinary tract symptom (LUTS) caused by detrusor overactivity (DO). Methods Two hundred and twenty-seven patients with LUTS underwent clinical evaluation from October 2006 to December 2008, including Prostate Volume (PV), International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), Peak Flow rate (PF) and Residual Urine (RU) measurement. Pressure flow studies were performed. The detrusor overactivity was recorded to classify the patients into 2 groups, DO group and none DO group. The clinical and urodynamic parameters were compared between the two groups. Results Mean patient age was 70 years (range 52 to 89). According to the urodynamic results, there were 126 patients in DO group and 101 patients in none DO group. The mean patients age was older in DO group than the none DO group(P＜0.05). Adjusted by age, the PV, PF, and RU were no different between the two groups(P>0.05). The mean first sensation of bladder, bladder compliance, cystometric capacity, bladder outlet obstruction parameters, single voiding volume and max detrusor pressure during contraction were different between the two groups(P＜0.05). Conclusions The main risk factors of DO are the ageing and BOO. The non invasive parameters such as PV、 PF、 and RU could not be used to judge DO. The changes of urodynamic parameters caused by DO were hyperaesthesia of bladder、lower bladder compliance、 higher max detrusor pressure and lower max cystometric capacity. This study emphasis the importance of the urodynamic studies in the aged patients with LUTS.