Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major pathogens that cause hand foot and mouth disease.Epidemics and pandemics have been periodically reported worldwide.EV71 also can cause serous complications and lead death in children.The mechanisms of EV71 cause serious complications has remained unclear,may relate to many factors,including cell tropism,cell death and host immune responses.This article reviews the recent advances in the identification of factors determining EV71 cell tropism,the associated mechanisms of viral infection-induced cell death and the interplay between EV71 and immunity.

Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) has been increasingly used in the treatment of early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Different from conventional radiotherapy,SBRT is characterized by the delivery of high-dose radiation in 1 to 5 fractions with a high degree of precision and steep dose gradients that minimize the dose to normal tissues,and image guidance technology,image fusion technology and respiratory gating system make the therapy more accurate.SBRT delivers higher biological equralent dose (BED) than conventional radiotherapy.The latest small sample data have suggested outcomes for SBRT patients that superior to the success rate of surgery,and the evidence for SBRT over conventional radiotherapy has resulted in a major change in the standard of care for inoperable NSCLC patients.

Objective To study the high-frequency ultrasound features of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma and pathological features.Methods The ultrasonic diagnostic features of 89 cases of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma were analyzed retrospectively,and the ultrasound results and pathological results were compared.Results In this study,high frequency ultrasound examination showed that the thyroid ultrasound diagnosis coincidence rate of papillary microcarcinoma was 94.4％.Patients mainly concentrated in 40 ～ 59 years,8 cases of type Ⅰ blood flow,16 cases of type Ⅱ blood flow,65 cases of Ⅲ blood flow,83 cases of L/T (aspect ratio).Conclusion The different pathological features of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma accompanied with the different ultrasound images.Doppler high frequency ultrasound in the identification and diagnosis of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma is accurate,convenient operation,and low cost,which is worthy of clinical application.

Objective Inaccurate dosing is an important cause of medical malpractice, how to adjust the medication dose to overcome the excessive deviation will be discussed in this paper. Methods Gold zone method was proposed on the basis of the probability theory and mathematical statistics for handling inaccurate dosing problems. Investigation and study in large sample size was carried out on adverse reactions of Cefamandole Nafate for Injection by adopting the method. Results The conclusions from the super large sample size test indicate that there is highly significant difference of total adverse reaction rates between taking values within and outside golden zone of dosage, and the adverse reaction rate of taking values within golden zone is significantly lower than that of outside golden zone. It is noteworthy that when dosage was lower than golden zone,the adverse reaction rate was significantly increased,which is more than 4 times of that within golden zone. Conclusion It is effective measures and simply and easy to apply that taking values within golden zone of dosage reduce adverse drug reactions,probability within golden zone less than 1/4 range of experience that contains the actual demand of the body up to 70%.

The S100 proteins are a multi-gene calcium-binding family,which are differently expressed in a variety of tumors.It is found to be associated with tumor invasion and metastasis.As a tumor-associated biomarkers,unraveling the relationship between S100 and prostate cancer progression as well as molecular mechanisms,would provide an important basis for the clinical diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring.

Objective　To explore the correlative factors of ovulation-failure induced with clomiphene(CC) in polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS).Methods　The relationship between ovulation rate(OR),ovulation cycle rate(OCR) among 178 cases,569 taking medicine cycles and clinical features,endocrine markers were retrospectively analysed.Results　OR was 73.0%,OCR was 45.3%,OCR of both the dysfunctional uterine bleeding(DUB) and anovulatory menstruation groups were markedly higher than those of secondary amenorrhea group(P＜0.005，0.05)，OCR of the DUB group was significantly higher than that in oligomenstruation group too(P＜0.05).OR of the nonpilosity and nonobesity groups were markedly higher than that of pilosity and obesity groups respectively(P＜0.01，0.005).OCR of the unmarried group was significantly higher than infertility and fertilized groups(P＜0.025，0.005).OCR of LH/FSH≥3 and serum testosterone(T) level-normal groups were respectively higher than LH/FSH＜3 and serum T level-elevated group(P＜0.05～0.025).There was markedly correlation among LH/FSH radio,T level,BMI and OR,OCR,PRL levels and OR(P＜0.05～0.01).Conclusions　The findings suggest that effect of the ovulation induced with CC in PCOS relate to types of menstruation,pilosity,status of marry-fertility,levels of LH/FSH,T,PRL.

Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a crucial enzyme in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins.There are two COX isoforrns:COX-1 and COX-2.Recently it is demonstrated that there is a close relationship of COX-2 with the occurrence,development and metabasis of tumor; COX-2 inhibitor is hoping to be a new target in tumor therapy.The article overviews many progresses of COX-2 about its expression,modulation and mecha-nism of carcinogenesis in cholangiocarcinoma in order to explore the prospect of the COX-2 inhibitors in cholangioearcinoma treatment.

Metformin is the most commonly prescibed drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus as it is inexpensive, safe, and efficient in ameliorating hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Numerous epidemiological studies indicate that diabetic population is not only at increased risk of cardiovascular complications, but also at substantially higher risk of many forms of malignancies. Meanwhile, epidemiological and clinical observation studies have shown that metformin use reduces risk of cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and improves prognosis and survival rate of the cancer patients. Furthermore, metformin has been used for cancer therapy in clinical trials. Thus, metformin is emerging as a new cancer therapy or adjuvant anticancer drugs. This review summarizes recent progress in studies of metformin use and its molecular mechanism.

Video assisted thoracic surgery(VATS) was rapidly developed in recent years.It's been widely accepted because it was minimally invasive and the patients were fast recovery with a survival rate similar to routine thoracotomy patients.However,more and more attention was paid to the side effect of general anesthesia with double cavity intubation during the surgery.Nonintubated thoracoscopic surgery for lung cancer was progressively developed.This surgery method decreases the side effect compared to general anesthesia with double cavity intubation.However,more surgical difficulty,additional surgical risk and prolonged surgery time were all inevitable become disadvantages of this new method.The less side effect of general anesthesia for patients and the more challenge for thoracic surgeon was brought simultaneous by this new method.More clinic trial should be implemented in validating the advantages and disadvantages.

Objective To explore the correlative factors of ovulation-failure induced with clomiphene(CC) in polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS).Methods The relationship between ovulation rate(OR),ovulation cycle rate(OCR) among 178 cases,569 taking medicine cycles and clinical features,endocrine markers were retrospectively analysed.Results OR was 73.0%,OCR was 45.3%,OCR of both the dysfunctional uterine bleeding(DUB) and anovulatory menstruation groups were markedly higher than those of secondary amenorrhea group(P