OBJECTIVE:To study the relationship between the price-lowering policy and the shortage of low-price essential medicines.METHODS:We expounded the practice of price-lowering policy in China and its effect on the production and circulation of low-price essential medicines,and analyzed the shortage problem of the low-price essential medicines using economic equilibrium analysis.RESULTS:The shortage of low-price essential medicines mainly manifested as shortage of supply,and the price-lowering policy has enlarged the gap between market demand and the supply of low price essential medicines.CONCLUSION:The national essential medicine policy should provide institutional protection for reasonable drug price level as well as the production and supply of low-price essential medicines,and the simple price-lowering policy must evolve to be included in the comprehensive institutional "healthcare reform" strategy.

OBJECTIVE: To illustrate the Canadian drug regulatory system.METHODS: Literature review and descriptive analysis.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: Based on the Canadian health system and drug market,the Canadian drug regulatory system is an integrated system in terms of its regulation on drug approval,price review as well as reimbursement management.

OBJECTIVE:To illustrate the drug expenditure and drug price regulation in Canada for reference by China. METHODS: Literature review and descriptive analysis was conducted. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: It was estimated in 2007 the drug expenditure in Canada accounted for 16.8% of national health expenditure, and the per capita drug expenditure was estimated to be 818 Canadian dollars. The regulation of drug price in Canada includes monitoring and reporting of both patented drugs and non-patented drugs. Reference pricing is applied in patented drugs review process, and corresponding methodologies regarding international and domestic comparison are clearly designed.

On the basis of a retrospective summary of the policies for foreign-invested hospitals in China,this paper analyzed the main issues facing wholly foreign-owned hospitals and suggested a basket of strategies to promote the development of such hospitals in China (Shanghai)Pilot Free Trade Zone.

OBJECTIVE:To compare the cost of 4 kinds of second-line drug treatment regimes(docetaxel, pemetrexed, gefitinib,and erlotinib)for non-small-cell lung cancer(NSCLC). METHODS: The utilization information of medical resources in the NSCLC treatment regimes was collected from experts who were familiar with NSCLC treatment. The costs of 4 kinds of second-line drug treatment regimes were calculated using micro-simulation method. RESULTS: The costs of every cycle period(3 weeks)were 12 237.02 yuan for docetaxel regime, 12 102.82 yuan for gefitinib, 27 614.93 yuan for pemetrexed and 14 272.76 yuan for erlotinib. CONCLUSION: Gifitinib is not inferior to docetaxel in terms of pharmaeconomics for those with 6 months or longer period of anticipated progression-free survival.

This paper systematically analyzed the concept of patients'trust based on a study of the literatures and compared patients'trust with patients'satisfaction. The conclusion is that patients'trust plays a key role on the quality improvements of medical services.

OBJECTIVE:To summarize the experiences of Ningxia's drug tender policy reform in unifying tender operation,price,and distribution("Trinity" reform).METHODS:Review of the reform process with discussion from the perspective of extension of tender policy objective,essential medicine policy as well as existing problems and corresponding countermeasures.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:In addition to the functions that Ningxia's "Trinity" reform of drug tender policy solidifies the price-lowering role of drug tender policy and benefits the construction of essential medicine policy,the reform still needs to be improved with regards to some existing problems.

OBJECTIVE:To study the relevance between the distribution of chain drug stores and medical institutions in Shanghai.METHODS:Taken the density of chain drug stores and medical institutions as index for the description of their distribution,and both non-parametric and parametric methods were applied in the relationship analysis.RESULTS:It was found that the density of chain drug stores and that of the medical institutions were in nonlinear and concaved downward re?lationship.CONCLUSION:The study suggested that currently the distribution of chain drug stores in shanghai is incongruous with the competition pressure from hospital pharmacies.

Object detection systems are widely used in many fields. To speed up object detection, a rapid method based on color feature is presented in this paper. Artificial neural network is used for color classification. A series of original objects are gained through searching the most outstanding feature of the marker based on multi-resolution. A set of features obtained from these original objects in the original image, and artificial neural network are used for object classification. Experimental results prove the effectiveness of this method.

Objective:To explore the effect of intensified electrocardiogram (ECG) identification by using spectrogram for the monitoring and nursing ability of nurses who worked in department of cardiology.Methods: Monitoring and nursing capacity of 120 nurses of cardiology who had been trained on the intensified ECG identification by using spectrogram were researched by retrospective analysis. The 120 nurses were divided into control group (60 cases) and intervention group (60 cases) as the random number table. The nurses of control group only received routine training of ECG identification, while the nurses of intervention group received the training of using spectrogram for ECG identification on basic routine training of control group. A series of indicators, including the scores of ECG comprehensive application ability, identification ability of abnormal electrocardiogram, and the number of the identified abnormal malignance ECG and successfully treated patients, between the two groups were compared and analyzed.Results: After the training, the scores of basic theory, abilities of description and recording, and analysis ability in field operation of the intervention group were significantly higher than those of the control group, respectively (t=11.896,t=8.596,t=8.283,P<0.05). The identified ability including room speed, atrial flutter, ventricular flutter and other abnormal ECG of intervention group were significantly better than these of control group, respectively (x2=18.836,x2=17.698,x2=16.773,P<0.05). Besides, the discovery rate of abnormal malignance ECG (73.3%) and the successful rate of treatment (100.0%)of intervention group were significantly higher than that (31.7% and 81.7%) of control group, respectively (x2=19.184,x2=10.484,P<0.05). Conclusion:The training of intensified ECG identification by using spectrogram for nurse of cardiology can effectively enhance the capacities of identification for ECG and comprehensive application for nurses, and can faster confirm the situation of patient, and can contribute to achieve precision diagnosis for doctors.