"Sinking requires moxibustion", a sentence coming from : ), is one of the basic principles of moxibustion treatment. Sinking of vessel and sinking of are the two primary recognitions for the word "sinking" in ancient and modern. This paper organizes all related references comprehensively and illustrates the meaning of "sinking" in context with the expectancy of helping readers understand the classic original accurately.
Acupuncture Therapy ; China ; History, Ancient ; Medicine in Literature ; Meridians ; Moxibustion

Chinese tongue diagnosis was initially developed to quickly and efficiently diagnose and prescribe medicine, while at the same time allowing the doctor to have minimal contact with the patient. At the time of its compiling, the spread of Yersinia pestis, often causing septicaemia and gangrene of the extremities, may have discouraged doctors to come in direct contact with their patients and take the pulse. However, in recent decades, modern developments in the field of traditional Chinese medicine, as well as the spread of antibiotics in conjunction with the advancements of microbiology, have overshadowed the original purpose of this methodology. Nevertheless, the fast approaching post-antibiotic era and the development of artificial intelligence may hold new applications for tongue diagnosis. This article focuses on the historical development of what is the world's earliest tongue diagnosis monograph, and discusses the directions that such knowledge may be used in future clinical research.
China ; Diagnosis, Differential ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Medicine in Literature ; history ; Plague ; diagnosis ; history ; microbiology ; therapy ; Tongue ; chemistry ; Yersinia pestis ; physiology

In order to improve the clinical efficacy of the umbilicus fumigation method, the ancient literature with the heat control of umbilicus fumigation method involved is collected extensively and analyzed systematically, and the heat control, precautions and contraindications of this method are discussed. In association with the cases and the present clinical experience, the main factors to the heat control are introduced, such as preparation of doughnuts, filling quantity, size of moxa cone and numbers of moxa cones so that the clinical application of the umbilicus fumigation method can be promoted and enhanced.
Biomedical Research ; China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Fumigation ; History, Ancient ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Medicine in Literature ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; history ; methods ; Umbilicus ; physiopathology

Jiujing Tu (Illustration of Moxibustion), excavated from Mo Kao Grotto at Dunhuang, is one of the earliest existing monographs on moxibustion. The medical masters from different schools have focused on this book because it is different from the existing ancient medical works and have not been collected in the medical works of different dynasties. In this study, the literature of Jiujing Tu on five acupoints (Dachangshu, Pangguangshu, Daxiaochangshu, Nieshu and Cigong) relevant with intestinal disorders is collected. It is intended to discuss and analyze the acupoint location, main intestinal disorder, moxibustion characters, recognition on the literature of different dynasties and modern clinical applications. It is believed that the thought of strong moxibustion in the treatment of intestinal disorders advocated in Jiujing Tu has profound impact on the medical development in later generations. It deserves us to have a further digging, collection and promotion of this thought in the modern time.
Acupuncture Points ; Books, Illustrated ; history ; China ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Medicine in Literature ; Meridians ; Moxibustion ; history

By analyzing the acupuncture taboos in Neijing (Internal Classic) on clinical application of mind conduction of acupuncture therapy in going against the actual situation, astronomy and others, it is found that the relevant acupuncture taboo implies many subtle mysteries of human body, qi, mind and astronomy, which have not been discovered yet in modern science and are very significant in qi protection. In Neijing, the acupuncture physicians have been highly required in the mind treatment, in which, accurately regulating qi circulation is the target in the treatment. The mind conduction is used for qi circulation to accomplish accurately the reinforcing or reducing in the deficiency or excess condition. All of the taboos are provided to normalize the accuracy of reinforcing and reducing technique of acupuncture therapy and avoid the damage of qi in human body. Hence, those taboos must be obeyed so as to prevent from serious consequence and ensure the safety of this acupuncture therapy.
Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; psychology ; Books ; history ; China ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Medicine in Literature ; Mind-Body Therapies ; history ; psychology

By analyzing the articles in Huangdi Neijing (Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor), combined with the verification of consciousness in vitro in clinic and modern science, it is found Huangdi Neijing has made special requirements of treating spirit for physicians using spirit-qi acupuncture. The physicians consciously use different methods to motivate the spirit of physician and patients, especially patients, to transform it to the physiological effect of patients, which could minimize the psychological factors that make negative influence on treatment; also the psychotherapy is considered as the most important principle of treating spirit. The reinforcing and reducing methods in later generations, mainly lifting-thrusting twirling method, unintentionally lead patients into a basic or strong status of treating spirit or keeping spirit during the process of achieving stimulation and needle sensation. To partially perform the special role of treating spirit for physicians in Huangdi Neijing on patients could cause the chages including patient-based using spirit to move qi. It not only inspires the body's natural resistance to disease and self-healing, but also motivates the self-protection mechanism of keeping spirit.
Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; instrumentation ; methods ; Books ; history ; China ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Medicine in Literature ; Needles ; Qi

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; China ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Medicine in Literature ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders ; history ; physiopathology ; therapy

Xiaozhenjie (Miraculous Pivot Chapter 3: Annotation of Fine Needle) is the earliest annotation of Jiuzhen Shieryuan (Miraculous Pivot Chapter 1: Nine Needles and Twelve Yuan-Primary Acupoints). There are particularly 24 annotations of qi in the chapter. Based on the original literature, the styles of qi annotationsl were divided into three categories. By comparing with the original text, semantic features of qi annotations were reasoned. In reference to the understandings and notes of qi annotations given by the scholars of different dynasties, the origin of qi connotation in the ancient time was clarified so as to provide the historical evidence to the for-mation of this unique "qi language" and "qi worldview". It presents the instructive significance to understand and interpret "qi" for the scholars in the modern time.
Acupuncture Points ; Books ; history ; China ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Medicine in Literature ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; history ; Meridians ; Qi ; history

The accurate annotation of ashi points depends on the understanding of ashi. The main reasons for the divergence of current three viewpoints on the annotation of ashi are the literature basis and its different interpretations. By conducting a comprehensive collection of ancient and modern literature and analyzing different interpretation methods, the original meaning of ashi is studied, so as to explain the understanding of ashi points and ashi method.
Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; China ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Medicine in Literature

When classifying and compiling Huangdi Neijing (The Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic), YANG Shangshan had constructed the systematic framework of the meridian-collateral theory. It has been found in the investigation of Huangdi Neijing Taisu (Grand Simplicity of The Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic) that YANG Shangshan constructed the meridian-collateral systematic framework on the foundation of meridian theory. This framework includes two parts. One is the twelve meridians and the other one is the eight extra meridians, in which, the divergent meridians are derived from the regular meridians, and the collaterals, the cutaneous regions of meridians, genjie and biaoben are attributive to the regular meridians. The theory of the jingjin of meridians should be different from meridian-collateral system. YANG Shangshan constructed and annotated the meridian-collateral system, interpreting his unique thinking and analytic foundation. Being one of the forms of meridian-collateral theory at the early stage, YANG Shangshan's discovery deserves to be considered.
Books ; history ; China ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Medicine in Literature ; Meridians