Objective: To develop an HPLC-ELSD method for the determination of amygdalin, aucubin, harpagide, peimisine, peimine and peiminine in Keling capsules simultaneously.Methods: An Ultimate XB C 18 (250 mm× 4.6 mm , 5 μm) chromatographic column was adopted with an ELSD (the drift tube temperature was 105℃, the flow rate of nitrogen was 2.0 L·min-1).The mobile phase was acetonitrile-methanol (1∶1) and 0.4% acetic acid solution with gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.7 ml·min-1 , and the column temperature was set at 35 ℃.Results: Amygdalin, aucubin, harpagide, peimisine, peimine and peiminine was linear within the range of 13.56-271.20 μg·ml-1 (r=0.999 2), 8.48-169.60 μg·ml-1 (r=0.999 9), 4.89-97.80 μg·ml-1 (r=0.999 7), 2.66-53.20 μg·ml-1 (r=0.999 4), 1.82-36.40 μg·ml-1 (r=0.999 8) and 2.04-40.80 μg·ml-1 (r=0.999 6), respectively.The average recovery and the corresponding RSD were 97.90% (1.20%), 99.21% (1.62%), 97.68% (0.75%), 98.36% (1.38%), 99.70% (0.79%) and 97.95% (1.56%)(n =6), respectively.Conclusion: The method is simple and specific, and the results are accurate and repeatable.The method is helpful to the quality control of Keling capsules.

Angiostrongylus cantonensis invades the central nervous system (CNS) of humans to induce eosinophilic meningitis and meningoencephalitis and leads to persistent headache, cognitive dysfunction, and ataxic gait. Infected mice (nonpermissive host), admittedly, suffer more serious pathological injuries than rats (permissive host). However, the pathological basis of these manifestations is incompletely elucidated. In this study, the behavioral test, histological and immunohistochemical techniques, and analysis of apoptotic gene expression, especially caspase-3, were conducted. The movement and motor coordination were investigated at week 2 post infection (PI) and week 3 PI in mice and rats, respectively. The cognitive impairs could be found in mice at week 2 PI but not in rats. The plaque-like lesion, perivascular cuffing of inflammatory cells, and dilated vessels within the cerebral cortex and hippocampus were more serious in mice than in rats at week 3 PI. Transcriptomic analysis showed activated extrinsic apoptotic pathway through increased expression of TNFR1 and caspase-8 in mice CNS. Immunohistochemical and double-labeling for NeuN and caspase-3 indicated the dramatically increased expression of caspase-3 in neuron of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in mice but not in rats. Furthermore, western-blotting results showed high expression of cleaved caspase-3 proteins in mice but relatively low expression in rats. Thus, extrinsic apoptotic pathway participated in neuronal apoptosis might be the pathological basis of distinct behavioral dysfunctions in rodents with A. cantonensis infection. It provides the evidences of a primary molecular mechanism for the behavioral dysfunction and paves the ways to clinical diagnosis and therapy for A. cantonensis infection.
Angiostrongylus cantonensis* ; Angiostrongylus* ; Animals ; Apoptosis* ; Behavior Rating Scale ; Caspase 3 ; Caspase 8 ; Central Nervous System ; Cerebral Cortex ; Diagnosis ; Eosinophils ; Gait ; Gene Expression ; Headache ; Hippocampus ; Humans ; Meningitis ; Meningoencephalitis ; Mice ; Neurons* ; Rats ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I ; Rodentia*

Objective To explore the feasibility and application value of sonography in the evaluation of oropharynx in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). Methods The oropharynx of forty-four patients with OSAHS and forty-four healthy subjects selected as the control group were separately examined by ultrasonography.The parameters including anterior-posterior diameter and the lateral diameter of oropharyngeal airway of the end-deep inspiratory and end-deep expiratory,thickness and wide of tongue base,lingual wide,lingual height,distance from mandibular plane to hyoid bone and distance from tongue base to mandibular plane were obtained for statistical analysis and compared between the two groups.Correlation analysis of above parameters plane with body mass index (BMI) were carried out. Results The anatomy of the oropharynx was well shown on sonography.When compared with the control group,the lateral diameter of oropharyngeal airway,thickness of tongue base,lingual height,lingual wide and distance from mandibular plane to hyoid bone also showed significant statistically differences between the OSAHS patients group and the control group (all P <0.01).The wide of tongue base,thickness of tongue base,lingual wide,lingual height,distance from mandibular plane to hyoid bone,and distance from tongue base to mandibular plane in OSAHS patients group were positively correlated with BMI( r =0.533,0.415, 0.555,0.349,0.378,0.419;all P <0.05).The wide of tongue base and lateral diameter of oropharyngeal airway in the control group were negatively correlated with BMI ( r = -0.324,-0.405,-0.317;all P <0.05).Conclusions Ultrasonography can be used to assist in the assessment of OSAHS,which can provide an important reference for clinical diagnosis and therapeutic effect evaluation of OSAHS.

Objective:To explore the effect of swallowing different viscosities and volumes on the swallowing of dysphagic stroke survivors, and also penetration and aspiration.Methods:A total of 59 stroke survivors with dysphagia were evaluated using videofluoroscopy while completing the Chinese version of the volume viscosity swallow test. They were required to swallow 3, 5 and 10ml of food of medium, low, zero and high viscosity. Modified barium swallowing impairment profiles (MBSImPs) and the Rosenbek penetration aspiration scale were used for quantitative analysis.Results:Tongue control, initiation of the pharyngeal swallow and larynx closure showed the worst performance when swallowing zero-viscosity food. Oral residue performance was poor when swallowing large volumes and pharyngeal peristalsis was poor with small volumes. The risk of penetration and aspiration was greater with low-viscosity, large-volume swallowing tasks. There was a significant positive correlation between the penetration aspiration grade and total pharyngeal score. Larynx closure was especially strongly correlated with the penetration aspiration grade.Conclusions:The characteristics of physiological swallowing are closely related to the viscosity and volume of the material being swallowed. The risk of penetration and aspiration is greater with large volumes of low-viscosity food.