The mercury content in soil and sediment, although minimal, but its toxicity is substantial.Different speciation of mercury has different toxicity, so the determination of total mercury can not fully reveal its toxicity and bioavailability.The speciation of mercury has become more and more indispensable.This paper summarizes the extraction and determination methods of the total and the speciation mercury in soil and sediment, and the extraction and determination of methyl mercury.

Objective To analyze the factors influencing the long-term allograft survival in cadaver- ic renal transplantation.Methods Parameter data were obtained from 249 patients who received immuno- suppressive agents after renal transplantation.Health resources were evaluated for 1-5 years;and 14 relevant factors,including age,sex,therapeutic regimen choice and complications,etc were analyzed.Life table method and COX regression model were used to analyze the risk factors influencing the outcomes and to calculate the survival rates.Results Following renal transplantation,the survival rates of recipients who lived for 1,2 and 3 years were 72.6%,56.0% and 40.8%,respectively;and the rates of those who lived for 4 and 5 years both were 22.5%.The median survival time was 34.9 month.With the therapy prolonged,the survival benefit in MMF group was superior to that in AZA group,with the median survival time being 38.9 months 30.6 months,respectively.COX regression model showed that the main predictive factors were treatment regi- men(P=0.000),follow-up period(P=0.000),patient's compliance(P=0.000),acute rejection episode (P=0.020),sex(P=0.001)and hospitalization period(P=0.040).Conclusions Life table and COX regression model are useful methods for evaluating long-term outcome and influencing factors in renal trans- plant patients.

Objective To investigate the role of NF-KB binding element in regulation of NOD2. Methods Promoter region of NOD2 containing the NF-κB binding site was amplified by PCR from human genome DNA and correctly connected to the vector pEGFP-N3 which had been cut out promoter by restriction enzyme to obtain the GFP expression vector driven by human NOD2 gene promoter. The constructed plasmids were transiently transferred into cell line HeLa by LipofectAMINETM2000 and the GFP expression was ob- served by the inversion fluorescence microscope. The NF-κB binding site in the constructed vector pEGFP- N3-NOD2wt was deleted by the QuikChange site-directed mutagenesis kit. The recombinant plasmid mpEG- FP-N3-NOD2 was transiently transferred into cell line HeLa by LipofectAMINETM2000, and the GFP expres- sion was observed by the inversion fluorescence microscope. Results The constructed pEGFP-N3-NOD2wt plasmids and mpEGFP-N3-NOD2 were the same as the design confirmed by restriction digestion and se- quence analysis. The results of the cell transient transfection indicated that different strength of GEP ex- pressed by recombinant plasmids in HeLa cells could be observed. The GFP expression of constructed mpEGFP-N3-NOD2 was lower than that of pEGFP-N3-NOD2wt. Conclusion The GFP expression vector driven by human NOD2 gene promoter which contains the NF-κB binding site, and the site deleted plasmid were successfully constructed. The GFP expression of recombinant plasmid mpEGFP-N3-NOD2, deletion of the NF-KB binding site, was obviously weaken in HeLa. The results indicate that NF-KB binding element may play a positive role in regulation of NOD2 gene, which establishes favourable bases for further study on the mechanism of NOD2 gene expression and regulation.

AIM: To investigate the role of fibrocystin/polycystin (FPC) in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) development by means of screening the protein interaction using yeast two-hybrid approach. METHODS: The constructed pGBKT7-FPC was used as the bait to screen the pre-transformed human fetal kidney cDNA expression library by yeast two-hybrid assay to obtain the host cell protein which interacted with C-terminal region of FPC. The sequence transformation screening experiment was applied to confirm the protein interactions in yeast. RESULTS: After yeast mating and co-transformation screening analysis, Klotho (KL) was selected from the host cells and the interaction between KL and FPC was further confirmed. CONCLUSION: C-terminal region of FPC can interact with KL, which probably provide the approach for further studying the role and biochemistry mechanism of FPC protein in ARPKD.

Objective To discuss the clinical features, diagnostic methods and treatment of the primary hepatic sarcomas. Methods The clinical data of 4 patients with primary hepatic sarcoma admitted to our hospital from January 1998 to December 2008 were viewed. Results There were 3 males and 1 female with age from 25 to 65 years. Abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss and mass were among the complains. All 4 cases were misdiagnosed as liver cyst, liver cancer and liver adenoma respectively, and final diagnosis was established only by laparotomy and pathology. They were malignant mesenchymoma, carcinosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma respectively. Till now, 3 cases were still alive (respectively 4, 56 and 84 months after surgery), 1 case died intraoperatively. One case recurred 5 years after the operation. Conclusions Primary liver sarcoma is difficult to diagnose. Postoperative pathology and immunohistochemical examination remain the mainstay for final diagnosis. The prognosis is dependent on pathological type, differentiation, tumor invasion and metastasis.

AIM:To explore the role of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and energy metabolism dysfunction in hepatocyte adipose degeneration induced by alcohol and calf serum(CS).METHODS:The growing L02 cells were treated with different concentrations of alcohol.To screen the proper concentration of alcohol,the proliferation of cells was measured by MTT.Lipid droplets in the cells were observed through oil red staining.Triglyceride(TG)content was detected with analyzed kit.The level of ROS and changes of mitochondrial membrane potential(??m)in cells were tested by flow cytometry.Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography(RP-HPLC)was applied to assay the cellular ATP content.RESULTS:Lipid droplets were observed under light microscope in the cells treated with 2% alcohol and 50% CS(A+CS)for 36 h.Compared to control group,the cellular TG and ROS levels in model group markedly increased while ??m and ATP content in cells significantly decreased(P

AIM:To investigate the role of fibrocystin/polycystin (FPC) in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) development by means of screening the protein interaction using yeast two-hybrid approach. METHODS:The constructed pGBKT7-FPC was used as the bait to screen the pre-transformed human fetal kidney cDNA expression library by yeast two-hybrid assay to obtain the host cell protein which interacted with C-terminal region of FPC. The sequence transformation screening experiment was applied to confirm the protein interactions in yeast. RESULTS:After yeast mating and co-transformation screening analysis,Klotho (KL) was selected from the host cells and the interaction between KL and FPC was further confirmed. CONCLUSION:C-terminal region of FPC can interact with KL,which probably provide the approach for further studying the role and biochemistry mechanism of FPC protein in ARPKD.

Objective To evaluate the microRNA role in the pathogenesis of alcohol dependence.Methods By computer retrieval Medline,mirbase,PubMed,Chinese journal full-text database (CNKI),ten thousand database and VIP database,manual retrieval relevant references.Literature retrieval time limit are built from the library until July 2014.English database to Alcoholism,Alcohol Dependence,Alcohol Abstinence,Alcohol Amnestic Disorder Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders,mirna as keywords retrieval;Chinese database to Alcoholism,Alcohol Dependence,Alcohol Abstinence,Alcohol Amnestic Disorder Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders,microRNA,etc.Retrieved from the database to the related literature in July 2014.Results A total of 26 studies were recruited including 8 Chinese literatures and 18 English literatures.Conclusion Abnormal expression of miRNAs will become the next research direction.MicroRNAs may become new biomarker of alcohol dependence on diagnosis,may also makes the molecular drug targets,or the molecular simulation for new drug research and development,this could be for the treatment of alcohol dependence provides a new means.

Objective To investigate the feasibility and superiority of combined spinal epidural anesthesia incesarean section.Methods 100 lying-in women who experienced cesarean section were collected and divided into combined spinal epidural anesthesia group(CSEA,n=50)and continuous epidural anesthesia group(CEA,n=50).The change of heart rate(HR),blood pressure(BP)and saturation of peripheral oxygen(SpO2),HR and BP of lyingin womeu in pre-anesthesia,5min,15min post-anesthesia and the time of taking effect,time between beginning of anesthesia and laboar of newborn were observed.The side effects of surgical anesthesia and Apgar score of newborn were compared between the two groups.Results There were no difference in clinical data,change of HR,BP and spO2 between two groups.The anaesthetic time of taking effect and the time between beginning of anesthesia and labour of newborn in group CSEA were shorter than in group CEA(all P＜0.05).Conclusion The combined CSEA and CEA was safe and efficient in cesarean section,and CSEA had greater efficacy than CEA in cesarean section.

The root of Caragana sinica (Buc' hoz)Rehd' is a Chinese folk medicine which is said to be useful for thetreatment of asthenia syndrome,vascular hypertension, leukorrhagia, arthrodynia, and as antiinflammatory agent. In the course of our search for inhibitors of protein kinase C from Chinese herbs,chemical constituentsof the root of C. sinica was examined. Frorn ethanol extract of this crude drug,five isof1avones were isolatedand identified as flemichapparnin B, formononetin, pseudobaptigenin, 5-hydroxy-7, 4'-dimethoxy isoflavone,and 5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3', 4' -methylenedioxy isoflavone.