Rhodotorula toruloides is a non-conventional red yeast that can synthesize various carotenoids and lipids. It can utilize a variety of cost-effective raw materials, tolerate and assimilate toxic inhibitors in lignocellulosic hydrolysate. At present, it is widely investigated for the production of microbial lipids, terpenes, high-value enzymes, sugar alcohols and polyketides. Given its broad industrial application prospects, researchers have carried out multi-dimensional theoretical and technological exploration, including research on genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and genetic operation platform. Here we review the recent progress in metabolic engineering and natural product synthesis of R. toruloides, and prospect the challenges and possible solutions in the construction of R. toruloides cell factory.
Gene Editing ; Metabolic Engineering ; Rhodotorula/metabolism* ; Lipids

Abnormal lipid metabolism associated with various renal diseases has been known for a long time. Hypercholesterolemia is one of the characteristic features of nephotic syndrome, and hypertriglyceridemia is often observed in chronic renal failure (CRF). The role of lipid abnormalities in the pathogenesis of renal diseases has been variously discussed. However, direct evidence only recently became possible when more sophisticated analyses of renal histopathology as well as an application of molecular biology were introduced in the field of clinical nephrology. The recent identification of lipoprotein nephropathy (LPG), reported most often by Japanese authors since 1989, is particularly noteworthy. The detailed analysis of lipid profiles and renal histology has been instrumental in clarifying the relationship between lipids and the kidney not only in LPG but also in other disease entities such as familial-type dyslipidemias, CRF, focal glomerulosclerosis, and diabetic nephropathy. Dyslipidemias common to these diseases, together with the presence of hypertension, cause systemic atherosclerotic lesions (including lesions in the kidney) and terminal renal failure.
seconds ; Kidney Diseases ; lipid metabolism ; Abnormal ; Lipids

The nature of the resistance in the rat to the development of experimental atherosclerosis is unknown, and its elucidation on mechanisms is vital to further knowledge of the pathogenesis of the disease. The liver is the main organ where cholesterol synthesis predominantly occurs and is also the main source for the plasma cholesterol. One of the factors which regulates the cholesterol metabolism is the thyroid hormone, that is a well known fact. Therefore, with combination of partial hepatectomy and administration of thiouracil, alteration of tissue lipid distribution was studied. 1. Exogenous high cholesterol feeding did not elevate the total serum cholesterol and partial hepatectomized rats, but did cause significant alterations in the tissue lipid distribution. particularly in the adrenal gland, small intestine, liver and kidney. The thyroid gland became hyperplastic. 2. The combined administration of Tapazole and cholesterol caused only a slight elevation of the serum cholesterol level as compared with that of controls, but very significant alterations in the tissue lipid distribution in the adrenal gland and liver. 3. The combined administration of Thyroxine and cholesterol caused only a tendency to minimal decrement of serum cholesterol level as compard with that of controls, but produced a significant inhibition of tissue lipid accumulation in the liver and kidney. 4. Partial hepatectomy caused neither the changes in serum cholesterol level, nor effect of the tissue lipid distribution. 5. Lipid accumulation in the coronary artery and aorta could not be demonstrated, although there was some alteration in the serum cholesterol level and in the tissue lipid distributon. It appears that, in the rats, there was no particular alteration of the intestinal absorption of cholesterol regardless of the thyroid status, and in the pathways of cholesterol metabolism after absorption, partial hepatectomy did not induce particular effect, but changes in the thyroid function did show measurable effects. However, the fact that there were no significant elevations in the serum cholesterol and tissue lipid in the liver suggests that homeostatic mechanisms may have a greater role in the high resistance to the development of atherosclerosis than does an actively functioning thyroid gland.
Animals ; Cholesterol/*metabolism ; *Hepatectomy ; Hypothyroidism/*metabolism ; Lipids/*metabolism ; Male ; Rats

Aging ; Animals ; Autophagy ; Electroacupuncture ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lipids ; Liver ; Male ; Mice

Biomarkers ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lipidomics ; Lipids

Ether lipids, such as plasmalogens, are peroxisome-derived glycerophospholipids in which the hydrocarbon chain at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone is attached by an ether bond, as opposed to an ester bond in the more common diacyl phospholipids. This seemingly simple biochemical change has profound structural and functional implications. Notably, the tendency of ether lipids to form non-lamellar inverted hexagonal structures in model membranes suggests that they have a role in facilitating membrane fusion processes. Ether lipids are also important for the organization and stability of lipid raft microdomains, cholesterol-rich membrane regions involved in cellular signaling. In addition to their structural roles, a subset of ether lipids are thought to function as endogenous antioxidants, and emerging studies suggest that they are involved in cell differentiation and signaling pathways. Here, we review the biology of ether lipids and their potential significance in human disorders, including neurological diseases, cancer, and metabolic disorders.
Animals ; Disease ; Ether ; chemistry ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lipids ; chemistry

To investigate the difference of dry ear wax and wet ear wax, the lipid composition of wet ear wax was analyzed and compared with that of dry ear wax. In dry ear wax, squalene, steryl esters, wax esters, triglycerides free fatty acids and cholesterol were found. Squalene, triglycerides, free fatty acids and cholesterol formed the main demonstrable fractions in wet ear wax. In addition, three unidentified spots were always present in wet ear wax. Our results indicate that wet ear wax is due to the difference of quantity and composition of ear wax lipids.
Cerumen/metabolism* ; Ear Canal/metabolism ; Ear Diseases/metabolism* ; Human ; Lipids/metabolism*

Biomass carbohydrates assimilation and lipid accumulation by Mortierella isabellina M2 strain were investigated. Corn fiber hydrolysate was specially studied. The results showed M. isabellina M2 strain achieved growth and lipid accumulation while glucose, xylose, mannose and arabinose were introduced as single carbon source, respectively. When M. isabellina M2 strain was cultivated on corn fiber hydrolysate with 6% sugars concentration, the biomass reached 18.2 g/L, the lipid content of dry mycelia was 45.7%, and the lipid yield achieved 8.3 g/L. It provided a promising perspective for microbial oils production with biomass hydrolysates.
Biomass ; Carbohydrate Metabolism ; Carbon ; metabolism ; Fermentation ; Industrial Microbiology ; methods ; Lipids ; biosynthesis ; Mortierella ; metabolism ; Zea mays ; metabolism

This study aims to investigate the impact of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β (HNF1b) on macrophage sortilin-mediated lipid metabolism and aortic atherosclerosis and explore the role of the flavone of Polygonatum odoratum (PAOA-flavone)-promoted small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) modification in the atheroprotective efficacy of HNF1b. HNF1b was predicted to be a transcriptional regulator of sortilin expression via bioinformatics, dual-luciferase reporter gene assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation. HNF1b overexpression decreased sortilin expression and cellular lipid contents in THP-1 macrophages, leading to a depression in atherosclerotic plaque formation in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-deficient (LDLR^-/-) mice. Multiple SUMO1-modified sites were identified on the HNF1b protein and co-immunoprecipitation confirmed its SUMO1 modification. The SUMOylation of HNF1b protein enhanced the HNF1b-inhibited effect on sortilin expression and reduced lipid contents in macrophages. PAOA-flavone treatment promoted SUMO-activating enzyme subunit 1 (SAE1) expression and SAE1-catalyzed SUMOylation of the HNF1b protein, which prevented sortilin-mediated lipid accumulation in macrophages and the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE^-/-) mice. Interference with SAE1 abrogated the improvement in lipid metabolism in macrophage cells and atheroprotective efficacy in vivo upon PAOA-flavone administration. In summary, HNF1b transcriptionally suppressed sortilin expression and macrophage lipid accumulation to inhibit aortic lipid deposition and the development of atherosclerosis. This anti-atherosclerotic effect was enhanced by PAOA-flavone-facilitated, SAE1-catalyzed SUMOylation of the HNF1b protein.
Mice ; Animals ; Polygonatum/metabolism* ; Sumoylation ; Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-beta/metabolism* ; Atherosclerosis/metabolism* ; Flavones ; Lipids

In the present study, we developed a two-liquid phase fermentation system by adding 1% n-dodecane as oxygen-vector to enhance the microbial lipids productivity of Trichosporon fermentans using cassava starch hydrolysate. Results suggest that the oxygen-vector could alleviate the oxygen shortage in flask fermentation. The cell mass and lipids concentration were 101.2 g/L and 50.28 respectively in 2 L fermenter with the presence of 1% n-dodecane. Additionally, gas chromatography analysis also reveals that the microbial lipids produced by T. fermentans contained a higher percentage of saturated fatty acid in the oxygen-vector case.
Alkanes ; chemistry ; Biofuels ; Fermentation ; Industrial Microbiology ; methods ; Lipids ; biosynthesis ; Manihot ; metabolism ; Starch ; metabolism ; Trichosporon ; genetics ; metabolism