Objective: To investigate the chemical constituents from the flesh of Trichosanthes kirilowii. Methods: The chemical constituents from n-butanol fraction of 95% ethanol extract of the flesh of T. kirilowii were separated by silica gel and ODS chromatogram columns as well as preparative HPLC. On the basis of NMR and MS data analysis, their structures were elucidated. Results: Twenty-six compounds were isolated from 95% ethanol extract of T. kirilowii, of which six organic esters were ethyl laurate (1), dibutyl phthalate (2), diethyl ethaneioate (3), dibutyl-2-malate (4), 6,10,14,18-tetramethyl-2-ethyl-7-ene-3-hydroxyl-ninecanol- 1-butyl ester (5), drechslerol-B (6), nine organic acids and phenolic acids were p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (7), salicylic acid (8), vanillic acid (9), isovanillic acid (10), protocatechuate (11), trans-cinnamic acid (12), p-hydroxycinnamic acid (13), trans-ferulic acid (14), and lauric acid (15), eight flavonoids were diosmetin (16), apigenin (17), chrysoeriol (18), luteolin (19), 4’-hydroxyscutellarin (20), quercetin (21), diosmetin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (22), chrysoeriol-7-O-β-D-glucoside (23), two aldehydes were 5-acetoxymethyl- 2-furaldehyde (24), 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (25) and one cycloaltinol compounds was cyclotucanol 3-palmitate (26). Conclusion: All compounds except compound 10 are isolated from the Trichosanthes genus for the first time.

To analyze the data of 284 smoking patients visiting the clinic during January 2009 to December 2011.There were 273 males and 11 females with a mean age of 49 years and an average length of 26 years of smoking 24 cigarettes per day.The average volume fraction of exhaled carbon monoxide was 16 × 10-6.The average score of Fagerstrom test of nicotine dependence (FTND) was 5.The importance,confidence and preparation of quitting smoking were graded at an average of 8.5,6.7 and 7.6 respectively.Abstinence rate was 66.1％ at 1 month and 50.9％ at 3 months.A particular focus was placed upon those smokers with more serious nicotine dependence and longer smoking years.They knew much about the importance of smoking cessation,but there was a lack of confidence.Smoking cessation improves abstinence rate via behavioral counseling,psychotherapy and medication.We should strengthen publicity of smoking cessation and smoking cessation clinic to attract more patients with heightened confidence through treatment.

A total of 133 smokers visiting our smoking cessation clinic from February 2009 to September 2010 were studied.The data were collected during initial assessments and over a follow-up period of 24 months.Long-term abstinence rate was observed.And logistic regression was employed to identify the independent predictors of successful quitting.There were 132 males and 1 female with a mean age of 47 years.They smoked an average of 26 cigarettes per day.The mean duration of smoking was 25 years.Among them,57 smokers (42.9％) were severely nicotine dependent and 76 smokers (57.1％) were followed up for 24 months.And 20 smokers (26.3％) maintained 24 month abstinence.The predictor of avoiding relapse was immediate family members being nonsmokers.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the influential factors for the prognosis in patients with paraquat poisoning.

METHODSRetrospective analysis was performed on 40 patients with acute paraquat poisoning to evaluate serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase levels and organ injuries.

RESULTSAmong the patients, 21 had lung injury, 26 had kidney injury, 13 had multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and 12 died. The factors associated with lung injury were kidney injury and serum urea nitrogen and creatinine levels within 24 hours after paraquat poisoning.

CONCLUSIONThe renal function in early stage of paraquat poisoning is related to lung injury and thus can be used asa predictor for the incidence of lung injury.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alanine Transaminase ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Creatinine ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Lung Injury ; diagnosis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Organ Failure ; diagnosis ; Paraquat ; poisoning ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo study serum ferritin and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels in children with hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) complicated by acute viral encephalitis and their clinical significance.

METHODSSerum levels of ferritin and NSE were measured using ELISA and electrochemical luminescence in 20 children with HFMD complicated by viral encephalitis (encephalitis group), 20 children with HFMD only (simple HFMD group) and 20 healthy children (control group).

RESULTSSerum levels of ferritin in the encephalitis group (212 ± 71 μg/L) were significantly higher than in the simple HFMD group (85 ± 18 μg/L) and control group (70 ± 15 μg/L) (P<0.01). Serum levels of NSE in the encephalitis group (8.6 ± 2.6 μg/L) were also significantly higher than in the simple HFMD group (6.0 ± 1.3 μg/L) and control group (5.6 ± 1.8 μg/L) (P<0.01). Significantly decreased serum ferritin (126 ± 37 μg/L) and NSE levels (6.8 ± 1.9 μg/L) were found in the encephalitis group (P<0.01) after treatment.

CONCLUSIONSSerum levels of ferritin and NSE in children with HFMD complicated by acute viral encephalitis increase, suggesting that serum ferritin and NSE measurement is useful in the early diagnosis of HFMD complicated by acute viral encephalitis.

Acute Disease ; Child, Preschool ; Encephalitis, Viral ; blood ; Female ; Ferritins ; blood ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; blood ; complications ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Male ; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase ; blood

The present study explored the anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic mechanism of Jingfang Granules on tail thrombosis induced by carrageenan in mice. Thirty-two male ICR mice were randomly divided into a control group, a model group, a Jingfang Granules group, and a positive drug(aspirin) group, with eight mice in each group. The thrombosis model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of carrageenan(45 mg·kg~(-1)) combined with low-temperature stimulation, and the mice were treated with drugs for 7 days before modeling. Twenty-four hours after modeling, blood was detected for four blood coagulation indices in each group. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was used to detect the activity of plasma interleukin-6(IL-6), interleukin-1β(IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), and other inflammatory factors. The tails of mice in each group were cut off to observe tail lesions and measure the length of the thrombus. The protein expression and phosphorylation level of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2(ERK1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(p38 MAPK) in spleen tissues were detected by Western blot. The results showed that dark red thrombus appeared in the tails of mice in each group. The length of the black part accounted for about 40% of the total tail in the model group. Additionally, the model group showed prolonged prothrombin time(PT), increased fibrinogen(FIB) content, and shortened activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT). Compared with the model group, the groups with drug intervention displayed shortened black parts in the tail and improved four blood coagulation indices(P<0.05). As revealed by ELISA, the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the mouse plasma were significantly up-regulated in the model group, and those in the groups with drug intervention were reduced as compared with the model group(P<0.05). As demonstrated by Western blot, the protein expression and phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK in the spleen tissues were significantly elevated in the model group, while those in the Jingfang Granules group were down-regulated as compared with the model group with a significant difference. Jingfang Granules can inhibit tail thrombosis of mice caused by carrageenan presumedly by inhibiting the activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways.
Animals ; Carrageenan/adverse effects* ; Interleukin-6/metabolism* ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Signal Transduction ; Thrombosis/drug therapy* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism* ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism*

Objective To study whether sevoflurane pretreatment inhibits the myocardial apoptosis caused by hypoxia reoxygenation through AMPK pathway. Methods H9c2 myocardial cell lines were cultured and divided into control group (C group), hypoxia reoxygenation group (H/R group), sevoflurane pretreatment + hypoxia reoxygenation group (SP group) and sevoflurane combined with Compound C pretreatment + hypoxia reoxygenation group (ComC group), and the cell proliferation activity and apoptosis rate, myocardial enzyme levels in culture medium as well as the expression of apoptosis genes and p-AMPK in cells were determined. Results p-AMPK expression in cells of H/R group was significantly lower than that of C group, SP group was significantly higher than that of H/R group; cell proliferation activity value and Bcl-2 expression in cells of H/R group were significantly lower than those of C group, SP group were significantly higher than those of H/R group, ComC group were significantly lower than those of SP group; apoptosis rate, LDH, CK and AST levels as well as the Bax and Caspase-3 expression in cells of H/R group were significantly higher than those of C group, SP group were significantly lower than those of H/R group, ComC group were significantly higher than those of SP group. Conclusions Sevoflurane pretreatment can activate AMPK signaling pathway to inhibit the myocardial apoptosis caused by hypoxia reoxygenation.

Tic disorder (TD) is a type of neuropsychiatric disorders, which starts in childhood and is characterized by tics.Its clinical manifestations are varied and occasionally accompanied by a variety of comorbidities.Health education can achieve the purpose of preventing diseases and improving the quality of life.For neuropsychiatric disorders such as TD, health education can not only promote the rehabilitation of patients but also help them return to society.This paper briefly describes the methods and strategies of health education for TD children, to improve the social awareness of the disease, guide the family members, teachers, classmates and partners of TD children to get along with them, and establish confidence for TD children to overcome the disease.

This study aims to explore the effect of Jingfang Mixture on the protein expression of urticaria in mice and explain the mechanism of Jingfang Mixture in the treatment of urticaria. Twenty-seven male Kunming mice were randomly divided into a normal group, a model group and a Jingfang Mixture group according to body weight. Except for the normal group, mice in the model group and the Jingfang Mixture group were injected with the mixture of ovalbumin and Al(OH)_3 gel for the first immunization, and the second immunization was performed on the 10 th day to induce the urticaria model. Mice in the Jingfang Mixture group started to be administered on the 6 th day after the initial immunization, and was administered continuously for 21 days. The normal group and the model group were replaced with the same amount of purified water. Twenty-four hours after the last administration, an appropriate amount of skin was taken, and label-free quantitative proteomics technology was used to detect the differences in protein expression in skin tissue. The signaling pathways involved in the differential proteins was further analyzed. The results of proteomics indicated that seventy-six proteins were involved in the intervention of Jingfang Mixture on mice with urticaria, and the differential proteins were mainly enriched in biological process(BP), molecular function(MF), and cellular component(CC). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) analysis showed that the signaling pathways regulated by Jingfang Mixture mainly involved carbon metabolism, metabolic pathways, glucagon signaling pathway, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, hypoxia inducible factor-1(HIF-1) signaling pathway, purine metabolism, adherens junction, calcium signaling pathway, leukocyte transendothelial migration, and inflammatory mediator regulation of transient receptor potential(TRP) channels, which were involved in skin tissue energy metabolism and immune regulation. The findings of this study showed that the protective effect of Jingfang Mixture on mice with urticaria was closely related to the regulation of immune disorders, and the regulatory effect on immune system may be achieved through the regulation of energy metabolism by Jingfang Mixture.
Male ; Mice ; Animals ; Proteomics/methods* ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Urticaria/genetics* ; Signal Transduction ; Technology

The present study aimed to explore the regulatory targets and anti-inflammatory mechanism of Jingfang Mixture based on network pharmacology and animal tests. The active ingredients of Jingfang Mixture and the corresponding targets were screened out by the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform(TCMSP). Inflammation-related targets were searched from GeneCards and DisGeNET, and the targets of active ingredients of Jingfang Mixture against inflammation were obtained. The protein-protein interaction(PPI) network was analyzed by STRING and plotted. Gene ontology(GO) function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were carried out based on DAVID. The results of network pharmacology showed 159 active ingredients and 276 targets of Jingfang Mixture and 664 inflammation-related targets were screened out, and 90 targets of active ingredients of Jingfang Mixture against inflammation were obtained. As revealed by the PPI network, protein kinase B1(AKT1), caspase-3(CASP3), interleukin-1β(IL1 B), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2(PTGS2), and tumor necrosis factor(TNF) might be the key proteins for the anti-inflammatory effect of Jingfang Mixture. KEGG enrichment analysis demonstrated the pathways involved TNF, nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK). The anti-inflammatory effect of Jingfang Mixture was explored through the mouse model of urticaria. The results indicated that Jingfang Mixture could down-regulate the phosphorylation levels of p38 MAPK, extracellular regulated protein kinases(ERK1/2), and NF-κB. The present study revealed the anti-inflammatory effect of Jingfang Mixture with multi-component and multi-target characteristics, which is expected to provide a scientific basis and important support for further research, development, and application.
Animals ; Mice ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use* ; Cyclooxygenase 2 ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use* ; Inflammation/drug therapy* ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Network Pharmacology ; NF-kappa B/genetics*