OBJECTIVE: To investigate the inhibitory effect of ketogenic diet (KD) on growth of neuroblastoma in mice. METHODS: BALB/c-nu mouse models bearing neuroblastoma xenografts were established by subcutaneous injection of human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y). When the tumor volume reached 250 mm3, the mice were randomized into SD group with standard diet and PBS treatment, KD group with ketogenic diet and PBS treatment, and CP+KD group with ketogenic diet and cyclophosphamide (60 mg·kg·day) treatment, =8. The tumor volume, body weight, blood glucose, ketone body (β-Hydroxybutyrate) levels, and hepatic steatosis in the mice were assessed. The expressions of caspase-3 and caspase-8 were detected by Western blotting, and Ki67 expresison was detected using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed for the autophagosomes, and the autophagic protein Beclin1, LC3A/B and P62 were detected by IHC and Western blotting. RESULTS: On day 28 post tumor cell injection, the mice in KD and CP+KD groups could prolong the overall survival rates than that in SD group ( < 0.001). On day 22 post the injection, the tumor volume in KD group was smaller than that in SD group ( < 0.05); on 16, 19, and 22 day post the injection, the tumor volume in CP+KD group was smaller than that in SD group ( < 0.01). The mice in SD group showed greater body weight on day 19 and higher blood glucose level on day 13 post the injection than those in the other two groups ( < 0.05). Blood ketone level and hepatic steatosis score were higher and glucose ketone index (GKI) was lower in KD and CP+KD groups than those in SD group (all < 0.05). The expressions of Ki67 and apoptotic proteins were detected in the tumor tissues of all groups. TEM revealed more autophagosomes in the tumor tissues of KD group than that of SD group. P62 expression was lowered ( < 0.01) and Beclin1 and LC3A/B expressions were up-regulated in the tumor tissues of KD group ( < 0.05), which is consisitent with IHC. CONCLUSIONS KD has a strong anti-tumor effect in the xenograft mouse model possibly by regulating cell autophagy.
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid ; Animals ; Blood Glucose ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Diet, Ketogenic ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Neuroblastoma