Histological classification system ( HCS) is an important system in judging and predicting ma-lignant behaviors of breast cancer .This study is aimed to analyze research progress and development direction of HCS by perusing literatures ,including the origin and development progress of HCS ,contents and deficiencies of Nottingham classification system(NCS),and introduction of novel classification system .HCS of breast cancer has a history of more than one hundred years ,among which NCS is the most widely used ,based on morphological fea-tures of cancer cells .However,there are still some shortcomings about NCS ,such as few indexes incorporation , great evaluation variation and low evaluation efficiency .Recently ,many newly evaluation systems have been devel-oped,including“nucleus+proliferation”classification system ,computer assisted classification system and compre-hensive prognostic classification model .Therefore,the future development directions of HCS on breast cancer is to use high throughput analysis technology to extract and analyze the hidden molecular information in cancer cells and the surrounding tumor microenvironment ,so as to better guide personalized therapy and predict clinical prog-nosis.

Objective: To evaluate the association between autoimmune diseases (ADs) and thyroid dysfunction using a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. Methods: Genetic predictors of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism were collected through the UK Biobank, including 337 159 individuals and 10 894 596 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Genetic predictors of 6 ADs including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), and multiple sclerosis (MS) were collected through the GWAS Catalog database, including 14 267 individuals and 7 071 163 SNPs, 22 647 individuals and 99 962 SNPs, 24 840 individuals and 12 783 129 SNPs, 58 284 individuals and 13 108 512 SNPs, 13 239 individuals and 1 124 241 SNPs, and 38 589 individuals and 156 632 SNPs. MR analysis was performed using the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method. The horizontal pleiotropy was assessed using the MR-Egger regression, and sensitivity analysis was conducted with the leave-one-out. Results: IVW results showed that a higher risk of hypothyroidism was associated with T1DM (OR=1.007, 95%CI: 1.003-1.011, P<0.05), SLE (OR=1.005, 95%CI: 1.002-1.009, P<0.05), and RA (OR=1.013, 95%CI: 1.009-1.016, P<0.05); a higher risk of hyperthyroidism was associated with T1DM (OR=1.002, 95%CI: 1.001-1.003, P<0.05) and SLE (OR=1.002, 95%CI: 1.001-1.003, P<0.05). Conclusions Genetically predicted ADs are associated with an increased risk of thyroid dysfunction. A higher risk of hypothyroidism is associated with T1DM, SLE and RA; a higher risk of hyperthyroidism is associated with T1DM and SLE.

Composite Resins ; therapeutic use ; Dental Restoration, Permanent ; methods ; Humans

Objective To investigate the effects of metal particles produced by metal prosthesis on oxidative stress levels in human mononuclear cells . Methods Mononuclear cells obtained from peripheral blood of 15 healthy volunteers .Coculture mononu-clear cells with iron particles , cobalt particles , chromium particles , titanium particles and physiological saline , respectively .Levels of reactive oxygen species ( ROS) , malondialdehyde ( MDA) , superoxide dismutase ( SOD) and glutathione peroxidase ( GSH) were as-sessed in mononuclear cells at 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 36 h, 48 h, respectively . Results Levels of ROS and MDA were higher in the parti-cle groups than that in the control group at 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 36 h, 48 h, respectively (P<0.05).Levels of ROS and MDA were higher in cobalt particle, chromium particle and iron particle groups than that in the titanium particle group (P<0.05).Levels of SOD and GSH were lower in particle groups than that in the control group (P<0.05).Levels of SOD and GSH were lower in cobalt particle , chromium particle and iron particle groups than that in the titanium particle group (P<0.05). Conclusion Oxidative stress levels increased and anti-oxidant levels decreased in mononuclear cells when cocultured with metal debris .Cobalt particles , chromium parti-cles and iron particles induced higher changes than that in titanium particles .Oxidative stress may play an important role in metal deb-ris-mediated osteolysis .

Objective:The aim is to establish L-glutamate specific aminotransferase-L-glutamate dehydrogenase coupling 96-well high throughput screening method,which is applied to molecular evolution of aminotransferase WecE from E.coli.Methods:An optical assay for aminotransferase catalytic activity based on aminotransferase-glutamate dehydrogenase coupling system is established by optimization of coupling enzyme loading,signal molecule NADH concentration and coupling time.Mutants library of WecE is obtained by sitedirected saturation mutagenesis.Positive mutants can be screened out through 96-well preliminary screening and flask second screening.Results:The target transamination reaction is coupled with L-glutamate dehydrogenase indicative reaction system which consists of 0.5 U/ml enzyme loading and 0.4 mmol/L NADH.A positive mutant Y321F whose catalytic activity increases 3.4 fold compared to that of wild type is screened out in Tyr 321 saturation mutagenesis library of WecE.Conclusion:An accurate high throughput screening method with weak background interference is established.It offers feasible solution for molecular evolution of L-glutamate specific aminotransferase.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical effects of short fiber ribbon combined with resin bonding technology for the treatment of food impaction between posterior teeth. Methods:98 cases of vertical food impaction between posterior teeth( total of 135 vertical food impaction units) were included. 73 units were treated by short quartz fiber ribbon combined with resin bonding technology( SQFRB) and 63 by resin bonding(RB). 12, 24 and 36 months after restoration, clinical effects were evaluated referring to the Modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) Criteria, data were statistically analyzed. Results:12, 24 and 36 months after treatment the cure rate of SQFRB was 97. 3%, 97. 3% and 95. 9%, inefficacy rate was 0, 0 and 0;the cure rate of RB was 85. 5%, 82. 2% and 82. 2%, the inefficacy rate was 4. 8%, 11. 3% and 12. 9%, respectively(between groups, P<0. 05). Conclusion:Minimally inva-sive restorations using short fiber ribbon combined with resin bonding technology is effective in the treatment of vertical food impaction between posterior teeth.

BACKGROUND:Few reports are found about the effect of ovariectomized rats' bone histomorphometry parameters using non-destructive dynamic loading system.OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect of different loads situations on the bone histomorphometry parameters in ovariectomized rats.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING:A controlled observation on the bone histomorphometry was performed in the Biomedical Engineering Laboratory of Jilin University from April 2007 to August 2007.MATERIALS:A total of 35 9-month-old Sprague-Dawley female rats were randomly divided into five groups,including sham operation group,ovariectomized (OVX) control group,OVX loading 1 N group,OVX loading 2 N group,OVX loading 4 N group.There were 7 rats in each group.METHODS:Rats in OVX control group and castration load group were processed into bilateral OVX on the back. The sham operation group only underwent the excision of fat tissues on back,and then sutured. After castration for 1 week,rats were loaded with non-destructive dynamic loading system in the two sides of the tibia,15 minutes a day. The mechanical loads would continue for 4 weeks and the loads were 1N,2N and 4N.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Changes of proximal tibia bone histomorphometry parameters.RESULTS:The area,number and thickness of trabecular bone in OVX loading group were all higher than OVX control group (P＜0.05,P＜0.01).The trabecular bone area and thickness in OVX 4 N and OVX 2 N groups were significantly higher than OVX control group (P ＜ 0.001).There was a downward trend of trabecular separation in OVX 4 N group compared with OVX control group (P ＜ 0.05). With the increasing loads,there was an increasing trend of the area,number and thickness of trabecular bone,which were close to sham-operated group. The trabecular separation was declined. Single fluorescent labeled surface and double fluorescent labeled surfaces in sham operated group were all lower than that in OVX control group. With the increase in loads,the single fluorescent labeled surface,double fluorescent labeled surface,interlabeled width and mineral apposition rate had been shown to increase. The OVX 2 N and OVX 4 N groups exhibited a remarkably higher level of mineral apposition rate than OVX control group (P ＜ 0.05).CONCLUSION:With the increase in load at the range of 1-4 N,all parameters of bone histomorphometry improve in the OVX rats,the bone microstrcture is greatly ameliorated,bone mass loss is reduced and the process of osteoporosis is delayed.

Objective To analyze the risk factors for the outcomes of recipients after orthotopic liver transplantation using donation after cardiac death (DCD) donors.Method A retrospective study was performed to observe the available clinical data of 60 patients who had receiced hepatic allografts of DCD donors from July 2007 to December 2012 in our hospital and a 3-year follow-up was conducted to investigate outcome.In the patients whose ALT and/or AST levels were more than 1500 U/L within 72 h following surgery,early allograft dysfunction (EAD) was defined.Potential risk fators right before surgery included donor and recipient age,donor ALT AST,TBIL and WIT,and recipient creatine,TBIL,INR,albumin,MELD,BMI and recipient CIT.Kaplan-meier method was used to calculate the cumulative survival rate.Log-rank test and Cox regression model were performed to analyze donors and recipients related risk factors by univariate and multivariate analysis respectively.All statistical data were analyzed by using SPSS 19.0.Results The overall cumulative survival rate of 1 and 3 years was 76％ and 62％ respectively.Donor ALT,AST and WIT,and recipient Cre,MELD,CIT and EAD were significant risk fators in univariate analysis.However,the multivariate analysis revealed that donor WIT was the only independent risk factor affecting survival in our study.Conclusion By identifying and controlling certain characteristics,the outcomes of DCD liver transplant recipients could be dramaticly improved.

Objective To investigate the expression of endostatin and angiopoietin (Ang)-2 in human ghoma and its significance. Methods The expression of endostatin and Ang-2 were measured by immunohistochemistry and endostatin mBNA by hybridization in situ in 108 cases of brain glioma and 5 cases of normal brain tissues. Results The expression of endostatin (0.0657±0.0038)and Ang-2 (0.0286± 0.0042) were significantly higher in grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ glioma patients than those in grade Ⅰ-Ⅱ ghoma patients (0.0349±0.0048,0.0084±0.0018, respectively) and normal brain tissues (0,0)(P<0.01). The expression of endostatin mRNA were significantly higher in grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ glioma patients (0.0310±0.0041) than that in grade Ⅰ-Ⅱ glioma patients (0.0152±0.0031) and normal brain tissues (0)(P< 0.01 ). Theratio of endo-stalin to Ang-2 was negatively rehted to the grade of glioma (r=-0.810,P <0.01). Conclusion The interaction of endostatin and Ang-2 plays an important role in the invasive growth and malignant development of human glioma, and may be related to the prognosis and the malignant degree of glioma.

BACKGROUND: Total hip replacement in middle-aged patients is challenging regarding restoration and survival,because these patients are more active than old patients.OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively investigate whether a cementless prosthesis could restore hip function,decrease osteolysis,wear,and enhance prosthesis survival in middle-aged patients.METHODS: Clinical and radiological evaluations of patients undergoing single-side total hip replacement with cement and cementless prosthesis were analyzed preoperatively as well as at 6 months,1,4 and 7 years postoperatively.The outcomes of total hip replacement were assessed using Harris hip scores and survival rate.End point was loosening or revision of the femoral component for any reason.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Cementless prosthesis had gained better Harris hip scores than that of cement prosthesis group at 6 months,1,4 and 7 years postoperatively(P < 0.05).The survival rate was greater in cementless prosthesis compared with cement prosthesis during 7-year follow-up(P < 0.05).Results have suggested that cementless prosthesis achieves high rate of functional restoration and a low rate of complications in middle-aged patients following total hip replacement.