Xylaria, belonging to the Ascomycotina, is known to produce diverse classes of bioactive substances. In an effort to identify the chemical constituents of the fruiting bodies of Xylaria polymorpha, linoleic acid (1), linoleic acid methyl ester (2), ergosterol (3), 4-acetyl-3,4-dihydro-6,8-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-5-methyl-1H-2-benzopyran-1-one (4), and 4-hydroxyscytalone (5) were isolated from its methanolic extract. Their structures were assigned on the basis of various spectroscopic studies.
Agaricales ; Ergosterol ; Fruit ; Linoleic Acid ; Linoleic Acids ; Methanol

No abstract available.
Animals ; Linoleic Acid* ; Macrophages, Peritoneal* ; Mice*

No abstract available.
Animals ; Linoleic Acid* ; Mice* ; Sarcoma 180* ; Sarcoma*

No abstract available.
Animals ; In Situ Hybridization* ; Linoleic Acid* ; Mice*

In an attempt to analyze the clonorchicidal activity of linoleic acid and ethyl linoleate in vitro, the wormicidal effects on Clonorchis sinensis were chronologically monitored in dose titration experiments. Excysted metacercariae were killed within a period of 31.0+-4.0 min, 149.3+-4.l min and 207.0+-13.5 min with 100.0 mg, 0.1 mg and 0.001 mg linoleic acid, respectively. The time required for the linoleic acid to kill adult worms was 167.0+-0.8 min with 100.0 mg, 253.0+-0.8 min with 0.1 mg, and 277.0+-0.8 min at 0.001 mg titration. Clonorchicidal activity of ethyl linoleate was relatively delayed as death was observed within 263.3+-2.9 min, 286.0+-0.5 min, and 318.0+-0.8 min for 100.0 mg/ml, 0.1 mg/ml and 0.001 mg/ml concentrations, respectively. The wormicidal effects observed with these pure anticlonorchal substances were found to be similar to the biological activity of native products derived from the mucus of the fresh water fish.
parasitology-helminth-termatoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; chemotherapy ; linoleic acid ; ethyl linoleate ; linoleic acid ; ethyl linoleate

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) were identified in 1980's, since then it has been intensively studied due to its various beneficial health effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, anti-carcinogenic and anti-diabetic/obesity effects. Isomer specificity of a number of CLA isomers, especially predominant isomer 9Z,11E- and 10E,12Z-CLA, is now recognized. However, the less prevalent CLA isomers have not been well characterized. Recently, studies have reported the distinctively different effects of 9E,11E-CLA in colon cancer cells, endothelial cells, and macrophage cells compared to the rest of CLA isomers. In this review, various effects of CLAs, especially anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic effects, will be discussed with focusing on the isomer-specific effects and potential mechanism of action of CLA. At last, recent studies about 9E,11E-CLA in in vitro and animal models will be discussed.
Colonic Neoplasms ; Endothelial Cells ; Linoleic Acid ; Linoleic Acids, Conjugated ; Macrophages ; Models, Animal ; Sensitivity and Specificity*

This study was designed to investigate the role of onion as a natural antioxidant. Onion was distinguished as yellow onion peel and onion flesh. Onion samples were extracted with 5 different kinds of solvents such as water, 70% ethanol, 99.9%ethanol, 99.9% methanol, and 96% butanol in order to select optimal extraction solvents, In this part of study linoleic acid was used s an model system for the purpose of determining the antioxidant activities. The optimal extraction rate of various solvents containing onion samples was determined by measuring extraction yield, electron donating ability(EDA), thiobarbituric acid(TBA), and thiocyanate, which are common methods for measuring activity. As a result 70% ethanol was shown as the most effective solvent.
Antioxidants* ; Ethanol ; Linoleic Acid ; Methanol ; Onions* ; Solvents ; Water

This study was aimed at evaluating the antioxidant activities of methanol extract of Thamnolia vermicularis. The antioxidant activity, reducing power, superoxide anion radical scavenging and free radical scavenging activities were studied. The antioxidant activity of the extract correlated with its concentration (0.2~2 mg/ml) in the reaction mixtures containing linoleic acid. Upto 67% of lipid peroxidation was inhibited by 2 mg/ml of the lichen extract. The extract showed strong free radical scavenging activity similar to that of BHA (positive control) in a manner of concentration dependent. The lichen extract also showed moderate effects on superoxide anoin scavenging activity and reducing power, which was not so effective as that of Quercetin and BHA used as positive controls. This study suggests that T. vermicularis lichen can be used as a novel source of natural antioxidant.
Butylated Hydroxyanisole ; Lichens* ; Linoleic Acid ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Methanol ; Quercetin ; Superoxides

To investigate the underlying mechanisms of C18 fatty acids (stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid) on mast cells, we measured the effect of C18 fatty acids on intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and histamine release in RBL-2H3 mast cells. Stearic acid rapidly increased initial peak of intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, whereas linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid gradually increased this mobilization. In the absence of extracellular Ca2+, stearic acid (100 microM) did not cause any increase of intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. Both linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid increased intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, but the increase was smaller than that in the presence of extracellular Ca2+. These results suggest that C18 fatty acid-induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization is mainly dependent on extracellular Ca2+ influx. Verapamil dose-dependently inhibited stearic acid-induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, but did not affect both linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid-induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. These data suggest that the underlying mechanism of stearic acid, linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid on intracellular Ca2+ mobilization may differ. Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid significantly increased histamine release. Linoleic acid (C18:2: omega-6)-induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and histamine release were more prominent than alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3: omega-3). These data support the view that the intake of more alpha-linolenic acid than linoleic acid is useful in preventing inflammation.
alpha-Linolenic Acid ; Fatty Acids* ; Histamine Release* ; Inflammation ; Linoleic Acid ; Mast Cells ; Oleic Acid ; Verapamil

Pumpkins have considerable variation in nutrient contents depending on the cultivation environment, species, or part. In this study, the general chemical compositions and some bioactive components, such as tocopherols, carotenoids, and beta-sitosterol, were analyzed in three major species of pumpkin (Cucurbitaceae pepo, C. moschata, and C. maxima) grown in Korea and also in three parts (peel, flesh, and seed) of each pumpkin species. C. maxima had significantly more carbohydrate, protein, fat, and fiber than C. pepo or C. moschata (P < 0.05). The moisture content as well as the amino acid and arginine contents in all parts of the pumpkin was highest in C. pepo. The major fatty acids in the seeds were palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids. C. pepo and C. moschata seeds had significantly more gamma-tocopherol than C. maxima, whose seeds had the highest beta-carotene content. C. pepo seeds had significantly more beta-sitosterol than the others. Nutrient compositions differed considerably among the pumpkin species and parts. These results will be useful in updating the nutrient compositions of pumpkin in the Korean food composition database. Additional analyses of various pumpkins grown in different years and in different areas of Korea are needed.
Arginine ; beta Carotene ; Carotenoids ; Cucurbita ; Fatty Acids ; gamma-Tocopherol ; Korea ; Linoleic Acid ; Linoleic Acids ; Nutritive Value ; Seeds ; Sitosterols ; Tocopherols